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able. But this right remained alive only as long as 
certain personal services were performed, cultivation 
maintained and a royalty on produce paid to the 
State. 
Personal service was generally exacted in the 
form of forced labour on public works, the standard 
of effective cultivation was a low one and the pay- 
ment was a nominal one tenth of the produce. In 
practice the conditions of tenure were light: it was 
a regular practice of the local authority employing 
forced labour to supply food to the labourers and 
even sometimes, a small money payment. 
Large holdings were opened as estates by 
Europeans, Chinese and others under leases or 
permits granted by the Sultan. The conditions of 
tenure of leasehold lands included reservation of 
mineral rights and certain powers affecting forest 
land : provision was made for re-entry on land 
required for public purposes and conditions for 
cultivation were imposed. The rent payable to the 
State was generally fixed at two and a half per 
cent, on the value of produce: no rent was fixed at 
a higher rate than five per cent. Rates of premia 
varied with the site value of the land: frequently 
premium was remitted altogether. 
In the year 1910 soon after the appointment of 
Mr. Douglas Campbell as General Adviser, land 
legislation was introduced on the lines of the 
Federated Malay States Land Laws. It was not 
found possible to inaugurate a Survey Department 
on Federated Malay States lines until some ten 
years had elapsed. Recently the Survey Depart- 
ment has been staffed with a sufficient number of 
trained departmental surveyors and the apparatus 
