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departures in the following years'. The average stay 
of an Estate labourer is from two to three years and 
in order to maintain the labour force at its existing 
level it is necessary to recruit some 35 per cent, 
annually. During the decade 1911 to 1920 the total 
number of immigrants from Southern India was 
908,100 of whom 714,175 were* assisted immigrants 
"brought in by the Fund. 
The number returning to Southern India during the 
same period was 561,913. The highest figure for the 
number of arrivals was reached in 1913 when the 
total was 118,583. The outbreak of war naturally had 
a disturbing effect but this was of short duration. 
The number of arrivals which fell to 51,217 in 1914 
Tose again the following year to 75,323. 
The trade depression which began at the end of 1920 
reacted immediately on the flow of Indian Immigra- 
tion. In 1921 the number of arrivais fell from 95,220 
in 1920 to 45,673 while the departures rose from 55,481 
to 61,551. 
In 1922 the figures were arrivals 58,674 and 
departures 45,733. 
To the end of November, 1923 arrivals numbered 
*43,671 and departures 39,776. 
The falling off in the number of arivals in 1923 was 
due in part to a decline in the demand for labour 
during the early months of the year following on the 
introduction of restriction of rubber exports, but the 
uncertainty attending the introduction of the new 
Rules' under the Indian Emigration Act also affected 
the position. Many employers purposely delayed 
sending Kanganies to India pending the introduction 
of the new regulations. 
