( 20 ) 
The export of gutta percha from Singapore 
during 1920 amounted to a value of $8,023,448. The 
average value of gutta percha exported from Singa- 
pore per year from 1913 to 1922, was $3,640,444. 
The following table shows a summary of the 
trade in gutta percha and inferior guttas at Singa- 
pore from 1900 to 1920 inclusive: — - 
GUTTA PERCHA. Imports. Exports. 
Total amount — pikuls 623,448 1,111,673 
Total value $65,946,432 $109,961,966 
Average value per pikul $105.78 $98.91 
Nett gain in value in 21 years $44,015,534 
GUTTA INFERIOR. Imports. Exports. 
Total amount — pikuls 3,861,484 3,597,151 
Total value $35,736,848 $35,004,321 
Average value per pikul $9.26 $9.73 
Nett loss in value in 21 years $732,527 
The gutta percha referred to above should, in 
theory, be the pure gutta, but this is very far from 
being the case. It has been already mentioned that 
the collectors very generally adulterate the high 
grade gutta which they collect. This practise is 
very wide-spread and is done with varying degrees 
of skill. The crudest forms of adulteration, where 
•twigs, bark, wood, or other foreign substances are 
used to increase the bulk, is the one most readily 
detected and the masses of raw material that are 
received in Singapore are examined by the buyer in 
various ways to dectect these frauds. It is usually 
necessary to heat the gutta at Singapore in order 
to clean it and put it into an attractive condition 
for export. The adulteration with inferior guttas. 
and with Jelutong or other wild rubbers is less easily 
