648 
Notes. 
Greater similarity to the papillae in Calamitean roots is, however, shown by the 
projections from the mycorrhizal filaments in Calypogeia trichomanis as recently 
described and figured by Nemec 1 . In this Liverwort the Fungus infects the rhizo- 
genous cells, where it forms a pseudoparenchymatous tissue, and the hyphae send out 
very fine projections (haustoria) into the neighbouring cells, the walls of which, at 
first very thin and colourless so as to be indistinguishable in Canada Balsam prepara- 
tions, become more distinct, thicker and yellowish in a later stage. Sometimes the 
projections are of the same length, sometimes some become longer, and branching 
may occur. 
From what has been stated above, the similarity of the papillae in Calamitean 
roots to fungal hyphae often present in the internal tissues of the root, and their 
resemblance to fungal papillae, such as occur in recent plants, is, I think, very 
suggestive of their fungal nature. This supposition is further strengthened by the fact 
that they are not found in all Calamitean roots and are therefore not part of the 
organization of the root ; moreover, they occur in roots of a fossil plant in no way 
allied to Calamites , but which is also subject to the attacks of Fungi. There seems, 
therefore, to be a good deal of circumstantial evidence in favour of regarding the 
epidermoidal papillae as of fungal nature. 
The purpose which they fulfil in the life of the plant can only be conjectured. 
A consideration of similar occurrences in recent plants would suggest that they 
represent arrested branches of a Fungus which runs chiefly along the thick cell-wall 
of the host plant. The lighter substance with which some of them are covered 
suggests that their growth has been arrested by the deposition of some substance 
upon the invading hyphae ; in some cases, certainly, there is the appearance as if the 
cell- wall substance of the host plant was heaped over the projection, just as Nemec 2 
found to be the case with some of the ‘ haustoria ’ of the Fungus which penetrates the 
tissues of Calypogeia. The explanation that this is a defensive act on the part of the 
Liverwort, which is able to flourish either with or without mycorrhiza, might be used 
also to explain the appearance of arrested growth which characterizes the papillae of 
the Calamitean root. 
I should like to express my best thanks for the help which Professor Weiss 
has given to me. 
GRACE WIGGLESWORTH. 
Owens College, Manchester. 
ALGOLOGICAL NOTES. No. 5 SOME POINTS IN THE STRUCTURE 
OF A YOUNG CEDOGONIUM. — Of late years, quite a number of species of Oedogonium 
have become known 3 , in which the young plants are attached by means of the entire 
hemispherical lowest cell, instead of the basal portion of this cell alone developing 
1 Nemec, fiber die Mycorrhiza bei Calypogeia trichomanis. Beihefte zum Botanischen Central- 
blatt, vol. xvi, Part ii, 1904, pp. 256-62, Figs. 11, 14, 24. 
2 Nemec, 1 . c. p. 259, Fig. 24. 
3 See Hirn, Monographic der Oedogoniaceen. Act. Soc. Scient. Fennicae, T. XXVII, 1900, 
No. 1, p. 15. 
