1880 .] 
splits in the usual way over the dorsum of the 
orax, and the new larva comes out yellow and translucent, but soon 
re-acquinng the sooty black, which is its usual colour. The whole 
plot css occupies about 15 or 20 minutes, but may be much longer, 
especially till the tail is quite free. The mandibles are well seen in 
the freshly moulted larva. They have five acute reddish teeth, of which 
the lowermost but one is the largest, and is serrate-edged. The middle 
one is next in size, and the lowermost of all minute. Before pupation 
the larvae creep persistently under any cover they can find, and become 
fastened slightly to the surface on which they are lying by their own 
exudations. They then become quiescent, and gradually get contracted 
and thickened. Just before pupation, however, the larva is somewhat 
elongated in shape. There is loose infolded skin at the tail end 
(owing, probably, to crowding forward of the pupa in the old skin). 
A small longitudinal split occurs over the second thoracic segment, 
through which the yellow colour of the pupa is very distinctly seen. 
This split extends forwards, forking at the head, and backwards, and 
m from 5 to 6 minutes the pupa is free to the tail. The anterior 
portion of the alimentary canal may be seen withdrawn from the mouth 
-a short tube with a black speck generally at the end of it. The 
posterior portion of the gut, however, is not cast off so soon, and 5 or 
6 minutes more elapse before the pupa is quite free of the old skin. 
It is at first elongated and larva-like, but soon becomes broadened and 
shortened. 
The time occupied by the whole batch in going through this 
metamorphosis is again longer than it took to hatch out, as the 
hatching itself extended over a considerably longer period than the 
laying of the eggs. Something again depends upon the season, but 
apart from this, the tendency of the whole brood to “ scatter,” as it 
were, like shot from a gun, is very obvious. If the 40 or 50 larvae 
could be reared safely to this stage, they would probably take con- 
siderably over a day to pupate ; and as there is a general divergence 
in the whole batch, there is a much greater straggling in a few indi- 
viduals. 
The pupa, like the eggs, is yellow ; as, on the contrary, the body, 
in the alternating larva and imago stages, is black. This state lasts 
for about 7 days, and its duration varies less with time and tempera- 
ture than that of any other condition through which the insect passes 
— say from 6 days to 7 
I have not noticed exactly how long the individual imago takes in 
its exclusion from the pupa-skin— about as long, I should say, as in 
