2 I 
On the Fruits and Seeds of Rhamnus. 
F*. To another portion of the pericarp solution I added 
the cleaned sides of the testa only of the same six seeds. 
The solution remained clear for two days. 
G*. To another portion of the pericarp solution added the 
dissected out endosperm and embryos from the six seeds. 
The solution remained perfectly clear for two days. 
H*. Another portion was allowed to stand untouched, and 
it remained clear for several days. 
Here then we see that no ferment was present in the sides 
of the testa , the endosperm, or the embryos : how was it, then, 
that the ferment existed in the solutions B* and D* of Series 
VI ? This question is best answered after examining Fig. 21. 
It will be noticed that the raphe (adherent funicle) of the seed 
runs in the dorsal depression of the seed, and that it is ad- 
herent to the testa proper all along the sides of the groove of 
the seed. In other words, when the testa begins to harden, 
the lignification does not extend to the raphe, but is confined 
to a layer of cells — the outer integument of the ovule — which 
runs inside the raphe. When the fruit and seeds are dried, 
the thin-walled parenchyma of the raphe shrivels up, and it is 
not very easy to detect it when dissecting the seed, unless its 
presence has first been pointed out. As shown in Figs. 21 
and 22, however, this raphe is organically continuous with the 
testa at the groove, and it is almost impossible to clear it 
away from the hard testa at this part. As soon as I had got 
at the fact that it is the raphe which contains the ferment (and 
this follows with certainty from the experiments below) all the 
errors were cleared up. First, however, I had perhaps better 
give the results. 
It had struck me several times that the ferment was very 
energetic, because such a mere trace of the solution containing 
it caused such copious precipitates to form. This being the 
case, I prepared a series of moist chambers, such as are used 
for growing Fungi, &c. in beneath the microscope. I then 
cut fairly thin transverse sections across the whole seed — dry 
and unaltered — as shown in Figs. 2, 3, 21. It was now very 
