470 
Notes. 
pinnate leaves in common with at least eight different ligneous orders, but here the 
affinity, or, rather, resemblance ends so far as six of them are concerned, and the 
comparisons need be carried no further. There remain the Anacardiaceae and 
Juglandaceae, both of which are also resiniferous, both have unisexual flowers with 
reduced envelopes, at least as to some of their members, and both have solitary, 
exalbuminous seeds. Other points of resemblance or similarity in the Juglandaceae 
are the dissimilar male and female flowers, the broad, stigmatic lobes of the style, and 
the single-coated ovules. Juglans has also a funicle of unusual development. But 
the combined characters in common of the Julianiaceae and the Juglandaceae cannot 
be regarded as constituting a close affinity. In some respects there is a nearer 
relationship to the Anacardiaceae. The anatomical characters of the two orders are 
very much alike ; but as Dr. F. E. Fritsch will describe and discuss the anatomy in 
a separate paper, it is unnecessary to enter into particulars here. 
The nearest approach I have found to the singular funicular development of the 
ovule is in the Anacardiaceae, but the resemblance is remote and the ovules of the 
latter are double coated. Coming to the seed and the embryo, however, the resem- 
blance is complete, and, apart from the slight obliquity of the cotyledons of Juliania , 
the description of the seed and embryo of Cotinus or Rhus would do for Juliania. 
With this the affinities to the Anacardiaceae are exhausted, and they are not sufficiently 
strong to justify the juxtaposition of the two orders. The next comparison is with 
the Cupuliferae, taking the order as limited by Bentham and Hooker. There is 
nothing in the secretions nor in the foliage to warrant an approximation of the two 
orders, and in habit of growth the Julianiaceae are very different. But divergences as 
great, or greater, exist between closely associated orders, and even between genera 
referred to the same order; and when we come to the inflorescence and flowers, 
affinities are evident ; that is if affinities are deducible from similarities in structure. 
The male inflorescence, the male flowers, and the pollen of Juliania adstringens 
are so near in texture, structure, and form to the same parts in certain species of oak 
that, detached, they might be referred to the genus Quercus. In fact, there is much 
greater dissimilarity in the male inflorescence and flowers of different species of 
Quercus than there is between those of Juliania and those species of Quercus which 
have a flaccid male inflorescence and stamens alternating with the segments of the 
perianth. 
The female inflorescence and the male flowers of Juliania are not represented 
by exact counterparts in the Cupuliferae, but the analogies are perhaps greater than 
with any other order. Several female flowers in a closed involucre is a characteristic 
of Juliania , of Fagus, Castanea, and Castanopsis. In all three of the genera of the 
Cupuliferae named, the involucre dehisces regularly or irregularly, and the nuts fall 
out. In Juliania the involucre is indehiscent, and the flattened nuts are adnate by 
their edges to the inner wall of the involucre, and they have a very hard, relatively 
thick, sclerenchymatous pericarp. 
Going back to the flowers, the male of Juliania has a perianth ; the female, none. 
In Corylus the conditions are reversed ; in Betula , neither sex has an obvious perianth; 
in Quercus , the flowers of both sexes are furnished with a perianth. 
All of the Cupuliferae have an ovary which is more than one-celled, and usually 
