the Rook, Starling and Chaffinch. 
25 
The Starling. 
Monthly Summary, 1912. 
Month. 
Harmful 
Insects.* 
Harmful 
Arachnids. 
Harmful 
Myriapoda. 
Harmful 
Crustacea. 
Harmful 
Mollusca. 
Harmful 
Seeds. 
Beneficial 
Insects. 
Beneficial 
Arachnids. 
ro 
J 2 5 
y £. 
< r\ i 
<D . J 
a H 
a; .0 
Beneficial 
Crustacea. 
Beneficial 
Mollusca. 
Grain. 
Neutrals. 
Number of 
Birds. i 
January 
32 
0 
* 
O 
O 
30 
O 
2 
O 
0 
O 
0 
24 
26 
6 
February 
186 
O 
O 
O 
86 
29 
I 
0 
1 
0 
0 
21 1 
65 
60 
March . . 
489 
O 
O 
0 
53 
9 
39 
0 
1 
0 
0 
I77 
23 
46 
April . . 
536 
O 
3 
O 
36 
0 
21 
4 
0 
0 
0 
99 
43 
99 
May 
202 
O 
6 
I 
33 
3 
2 
1 
1 
0 
0 
62 
1 
82 
June 
92 
O 
1 
I 
0 
0 
33 
1 
0 
0 
0 
27 
2 
■15 
July . . 
23 
0 
0 
O 
l6 
2 
10 
2 
0 
0 
0 
2 1 
21 
17 
August . . 
68 
O 
0 
O 
1 
0 
10 
2 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
7 
September 
9 
O 
0 
O 
O 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
3 
0 
1 
October 
1 7 
O 
0 
0 
55 
0 
7 
0 
0 
0 
0 
50 
6 
6 
November 
hi 
O 
0 
0 
9 
O 
14 
0 
0 
0 
0 
119 
47 
14 
December 
42 
O 
0 
0 
55 
0 
13 
0 
0 
I 
0 
80 
23 
9 
Total 
1807 
O 
IO 
2 
374 
44 
152 
10 
5 
I 
0 
s 54 
257 
392 
Summary, 1912. 
From the foregoing table it will be seen that, from January 
to October, the starlings examined had devoured much more 
animal food than grain and seed, that in November the amount 
of grain and beneficial insects eaten was rather larger than 
the number of harmful organisms, while in December slightly 
more good than harm was done. 
The birds appeared to be doing most good from February to 
June and again in August and September ; in October also 
more good than harm appeared to be done. In March the 46 
birds examined were found to contain 489 harmful insects, 
53 harmful mollusca and 9 harmful seeds, against 177 grains 
of corn and 40 beneficial insects, etc. The number of Leather 
Jackets eaten from February to May was large. For the whole 
* Carabid larvae of the groups Harpalus, Zabrus and Steropus are included 
here. Very many Carabidae, both larvae and adults, are beneficial, and these 
have been placed amongst the Beneficials. Sorauer says “ Some Carabids 
are phytophagus in both adult and larval stages, especially species of 
Amarus, Zabrus and Harpalus, and such beetles are easily recognised in 
both adult and larval stages by their shorter, broader, and more blunt 
mandibles.” (Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3, p. 462 (1913).) 
f 1 cherry-stone included, 
