430 Macfarlane. — Observations on Pitchered 
circular orifice ; the three layers of gland-cells all show 
clear finely-granular protoplasm, and a vascular diverticulum 
ends beneath. But in all cases the diverticulum is separated 
from the gland-tissue by two layers of bead-like cells, which 
in position and function seems to correspond to the membrana 
propria of animal glands. The similarity of this to a simple 
animal gland in shape, structure, excretion, and vascular 
supply is obvious, and need not further be dwelt on. The 
resemblance, however, is even more striking in the pedicel 
gland of N. bicalcarata , as illustrated in Fig. 1 5, where a 
tendency to branching of the gland-tissue occurs. From 
each gland a clear viscid juice exudes which is readily sipped 
by insects, ants and cockroaches exhibiting a special fondness 
for it in plant-houses. When the juice is left undisturbed 
for a few days in warm sunshine it solidifies into a white 
sugary crust, still acceptable to insect guests, who crush and 
munch it with evident relish. 
I have already noted that while the alluring glands are 
practically absent on the upper lamina in nearly all species, 
a few afford a marked exception. These are N. sanguinea, N. 
N orthiana, and to a less degree N. bicalcarata. The first two 
of these have soft, rich, green leaves, and on their upper surface 
as many as twenty to fifty glands may be counted. From 
their direct exposure to the sun’s rays the secretion soon dries, 
and in time appears as a coiled white thread from being 
constantly and steadily added to, as fresh material is poured 
out. Dried coils three-eighths of an inch in length have been 
seen protruding from orifices. 
As to the average number on any leaf, the following 
statistics will give an approximate estimate. In N. ampidlaria 
three leaves showed respectively 35, 50, and 41 on the under 
side, and 5, 7, 10 on the outer pitcher-surface. In N. 
Rafflesiana , three leaves showed respectively 8, 15, 11 on the 
former, and one pitcher had as many as 50 on the latter. 
In N. Veitchii three leaves showed 70, 64, 81 on the former ; 
115, 83, 1 21 on the latter. In N. sanguinea three leaves 
showed 65, 91, and 78 on the under side of the leaf; 49, 64, 
