107 
17th. To Licking Creek 25 miles. 
East of Bedford are two narrow Wa- 
ter Gaps in the fourth ridge of the 
Alleghany, called the Tortoise . or 
Terrase Mountain, through which 
the Juniata has broken and flows 
The first is Denning’s Gap. The 
strata are of Sandstone, dipping S 
W. with many huge Limestone 
boulders unrolled but carried by the 
Debacle, The second Gap or Turtle 
Gap, is of Vertical Sandstone, with 
Limestone resting on it, or to each 
side in inclined strata; while be- 
tween the two gaps five miles dis- 
tant, the whole is Slate or Schist, 
nearly vertical, and running from 
N.E.toS.'W. ^ 
Along the Juniata and in the val- 
ley beyond, the whole country is of 
Sandstone benegth and Slate above 
it, in various directions, either dip- 
ping West, or undulating, or nearly 
vertical. 
Next comes Sideling hill, the fifth 
Ridge of the Alleghany, 104 miles 
from Pittsburg and five miles broad. 
This has quite a Aguiar connivent 
or undulating strata of the same, 
dipping W. on the West Side, and 
E. on the East Slope. East of Side- 
ling hill, the strata are undulating 
like the small hills. On Licking 
Creek there are Licks like those of 
Kentucky, with Clay. 
18th. To Chamhersburg 26 miles. 
Before the Cove Valley, are two 
small ridges called Great and Little 
Scrub ridges, chiefly slaty and un- 
dulating. The fine Cove Valley has 
a limestone and alluvial bottom very 
fertile. East of it, 127 miles from 
Pittsburg is the Cove Mountain, a 
Southern branch of the Tuscarora 
Mountain, and the sixth Ridge of the 
Alleghany on this road. It is about 
1200 feet high and five miles across 
by the winding road, although nar- 
row at the top. The whole coarse 
to the Hudson. The West side of 
it is Slaty, the centre Limestone, 
and the East side Quartzose, where 
begins the Primitive Region. These 
three formations extend more of less 
through the valley, but are always 
parallel. Here tne Schist or Slate 
extends nearly to Chambersburg. It 
is foliated, and nearly vertical, when 
dipping the small dip is E. 
19th. To top of South Mountains 
12 miles. Limestone nearly all the 
way in the valley, about nine miles 
wide. It is a blue or white Lime- 
stone chiefly, with veins of Marble, 
Lias and white .Spar, with a great 
dip to E. but often nearly vertical 
or undulating; the outside is nodu- 
lose and smooth as if water worn. 
Many sinks in it as usual in Lime- 
stone Regions, some dry, some re- 
ceiving streams that sink in it, some 
changed into large Springs. They 
are evidently Volcanic Springs, or 
the ancient craters of the limy out- 
lets. No fossils seen in it. 
At the foot of the South Moun- 
tains begins the primitive by a coarse 
quartzose rock, with Debris and 
Boulders of primitive rocks. These 
Mountains are here low, not above 
500 feet high, but seven or eight 
miles broad, with rounded hills. 
The whole has a granitic nucleus as 
seen elsewhere; but here none is 
found in place. It is covered with 
a coarse Quartzose rock resembling 
Sandstone, and the whole track has 
many diluvial Debris and Boulders 
oi Granite, Quartz, Limestone and 
a curious Pudding Stone, blue with 
white oblong spots. Iron is found in 
many places. Some boulders are 
rolled or worn, others are not. 
These Mountains improperly called 
South Mountains, are the Matta- 
wan Mountains of the Indians, and 
the highest primitive ridge bordering 
the Atlantic primitive formations 
Sandstone in thick strata, slightly extending E. to the Schuylkill river 
„ or undulating over it. 
Between the Cove Mountain and 
the South Mountains to the E. is the 
Big or Long Valley, here 23 miles 
wide 4 which extends from Virginia 
14 .. b 
at Philadelphia, in wide plains with 
low hills. The whole breadth of the 
Alteghanies near lat. 40, is therefore 
about 1 15 miles. 
20th. To Gettysburg 12 miles. 
