193 
relics, from the lowest to the 
highest. 
1. Oldest or lowest With coal 
traces of vegetation and a few 
marine. animals.' (BL) 
2. Cubocal limestone. With 
extinct encrinites. (I.) 
3. Lias . With ammonites, 
trigonites, pentacrinites, &e. 
4. Sandstone and Grit. With 
belemnites, ammonites, trigo- 
nites. &c. 
5. Soft Chalk . With the 
same. 
6. IIa,rd Chalk. Scaphites, 
oval ammonites. 
7. Sand and Blue Clay. 
Many shells not found in older 
strata, some yet living. 
8. Gravel. With recent shells 
and land animals. 
9. Gypsum . Extinct quadru- 
peds and birds. 
10. Biluvion and Alluvion. 
Living quadrupeds and men. 
1Y. The chemical ingredi- 
ents of rocks are of great im^* 
portance in distinguishing 
them. Although liable to some 
variety and anomaly, the prin- 
cipal series appear to agree in 
chemical composition. 
1. The primary rocks are 
distinguished by the presence 
of magnesia and potash. 
2. The organic rocks by 
their absence, but the presence 
of gypsum and excess of lime. 
3. The volcanic by the pre- 
sence of soda and iron. 
2, adventitious 4 parts out ol 
100. 
Primary transition. Silex 58* 
lime 16, aiumine 14, magnesia 
2, potash 2, adventitious iron, 
gypsum, bitumen, &c. 8. 
Secondary. Silex 56, lime 24, 
aiumine 12, adventitious, gyp- 
sum, salt, iron, &c. 8. 
Tertiary. Silex 52, lime 32, 
aiumine 10,. adventitious gyp- ' 
sum, &c. 6. 
Volcanic Lava. Silex 72, lime 
2, aiumine 10, potash 4, soda 
2, iron 4, adventitious 6. 
Phonolite or Clinkstone . Si- 
lex 60, lime 2, aiumine 24, so- 
da 8, iron 2, adventitious 4. 7 
Basalt. Silex 48, lime 8, ai- 
umine 8, iron 18, soda 4, ad- 
ventitious 4. (J.) 
Y. The natural ingredients 
of rocks and strata : or suc- 
cessive arrangement of their 
matter, may be comprized un- 
der 6 series. 
1st Series. Molecules. They 
are the chemical ingredients 
enumerated above. 
2d Series. Particles or gran- 
ular parts. They are of 4 kinds, 
1. crystaline, 2. porphyritic, 
3. coherent or granitic and 
semi crystaline, 4. arenaceous. 
3d Series. Concretions . Of 8 
kinds, 1. crystaline, 2. porphy- 
ritic or cristaliferous, 3. semi 
crystaline, 4. concentrical la- 
minar, 5. amygdaloid, 6. ir- 
regular as in verd antique, f* 
4. The average ingredients fragmentary or conglomerate; 
of 7 series of important rocks, 
are as follows. 
Primary Series, chiefly gra- 
nit Silex 60, lime 8, aiumine 
16, magnesia 6, potash 4, iron 
8. organic, containing imbed- 
ded organic remains. 
4th Series. Masses or Mas- 
sive portions . Of 9 kinds, ac- 
cording to structure, 1. lamt* 
