104 
NUMBER OF males 
MOfsiTM JFMAMJUASOfNi O 
013723 ia33-A 
NUMBER OF FEMALES 
Fig. 6. Breeding of the Lace-necked Dove in Hawaii. 
only in early morning. These variations in 
vocal activity generally coincide with fluctua- 
tions in testis volumes (roughly computed by 
multiplying length X width X depth of both 
testes per individual) of 35 collected adult 
males, and with indications of breeding 
(determined by the presence of maturing 
Graafian follicles) in 29 collected adult fe- 
males (Figure 6). We do not believe that 
breeding is common after September, as 
evidenced by the fact that 86 birds collected 
from October through December all were in 
adult plumage. 
In southern China, the breeding season of 
the species S. chinensis is spring, summer, and 
autumn (La Touche, 1931-34) and in India 
these doves are reported to breed throughout 
the year (Ali, 1944) and probably to raise 
several broods annually (Whistler, 1935). 
Breeding of this species in the Malay Penin- 
sula generally extends from January to March, 
but extremes from November to May occur 
(Robinson and Chasen, 1936). 
In Hawaii, the Lace-necked Dove shows 
a wide selection of nesting sites. Typical ones 
observed during this survey are as follows: 
(1) in a strong crotch 10 feet above the 
ground in an algaroba tree; (2) 35 feet above 
the ground in the outer branches of an 
algaroba tree; (3) in a clump of cactus {Opun- 
tia megacanthd) on a sloping stem 6 feet above 
PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. V, January, 1951 
Fig. 7. A Lace-necked Dove nest in puakeawe {Sty- 
phelia Tameiameiae). Kapapala, Hawaii. Vegetation 
zone C 2 , elevation 4,000 feet; June 8, 1946. 
the ground; (4) in a thicket of Smilax sp. 
and akala {Rubus hawaiensis) growing on the 
rim of a gulch 25 feet deep; (5) 18 feet above 
the ground in the outer fringes of a mamani 
tree {Sophora chrysophylla); (6) 5 feet above 
the ground in a puakeawe bush {Styphelia 
Tameiameiae) \ (7) 35 feet above the ground 
in the outer branches of an ironwood tree. 
The nest is typically dove-like, consisting 
Fig. 8. Juvenile Lace-necked Dove. Note the lack of 
the neck "lace” so characteristic of the adult. Honolulu, 
Oahu. Sea level; May 15, 1946. 
