280 
PACIFIC SCIENCE, VoL VI, October, 1952 
Fig. 9. Crack along roadside south of Kealakekua, 
from the south, showing separation of embankment 
from edge of pavement due to slumping. 
slope face of the fill was dislodged, allowing 
the material of the road bed to settle, cracking 
the pavement. In other places the fill appears 
to have settled a little merely by compaction 
during the jostling by the earthquake, causing 
cracks in the pavement. 
A common occurrence was the formation 
of a crack parallel to the edge of the pavement 
on its downslope side, either within the pave- 
ment a few inches from its edge or between 
it and the shoulder (Fig. 9). Some of these 
were as much as 75 feet long and 8 inches 
wide. This appears to have resulted from a 
downslope lurching of the shoulder, moving 
as a separate unit from the portion of the fill 
beneath the pavement. The independence of 
movement of the shoulder and pavement was • 
interestingly shown along the highway about 
2 miles southeast of Captain Cook, where 
soil and sod on the shoulder were overthrust 
as much as an inch onto the pavement. 
Damage in Cemeteries 
Many headstones in cemeteries in the area 
near the epicenter were deranged by the 
earthquake. As a part of the general earth- 
quake investigation, these cemeteries were 
examined, and a rough statistical study of the 
damage was made. Unfortunately, owing to 
shortage of personnel and pressure of other 
duties, we were delayed several days in making 
the cemetery examinations, and some resto- 
ration of headstones had already taken place 
in some cemeteries before we visited them. 
However, in most cemeteries little restoration 
had been done, and the damage remaining 
was probably a representative sample of the 
original damage. It is believed that practically 
all stones which had been dislodged could 
be detected, even after they had been replaced, 
by breaks or scratches on the stone or dis- 
turbance of the cement bond at the base of 
the stone. 
There are more than 50 cemeteries in the 
area, but most are small family or church 
plots with few graves and have not been used 
in recent times. In some places burial was in 
vaults without headstones or with headstones 
or markers firmly cemented in place and not 
readily susceptible to damage by an earth- 
quake of the intensity of the one under study. 
Most of the valuable information came from 
a few of the larger cemeteries. Damage at 
these is summarized in the accompanying 
table, and their locations are shown in Fig- 
ure 1. 
Derangement of headstones included over- 
turning of stones and shifting of stones on 
their bases with or without rotation. In 
addition many grave caps were broken, some 
by falling or disturbance of headstones and 
some by lurching or slumping of the adjacent 
subsoil. The latter type of damage was par- 
ticularly prevalent on steep slopes, where the 
subsoil is thick and loose. Damage of all 
sorts was restricted to the area between Ho- 
nalo and Honokua, 5 miles northeast and 
10.5 miles south-southeast, respectively, of 
the probable position of the epicenter. 
In cemeteries north of Keauhou no damage 
or derangement was noted. Two miles south 
of Keauhou, at Lanakila cemetery in Lehuula, 
4 of the 15 headstones were dislodged to the 
west. Inland and slightly northward, at the 
Daifukuji Mission in Honalo, about 5 miles 
