Kona Earthquake — MACDONALD AND WENTWORTH 281 
Fig. 10. , Gravestone rotated counterclockwise, in 
Daifukuji cemetery, Kainaliu, looking approximately 
northwest. 
north of Napoopoo, of an estimated total of 
150 grave markers, 6 toppled west, 7 north, 
2 east, and none south. Six had been shifted 
north, 16 were twisted counterclockwise, and 
2 clockwise; 8 grave caps were broken (Fig. 
10). It was reported that many more had been 
disturbed but had been restored. 
At Hongwanji Mission, Kealakekua, with 
more than 600 graves, 12 headstones were 
overthrown to the west, 9 to the east, and 
none to the north or south. Thirty-four were 
twisted clockwise, 11 counterclockwise, one 
each shifted north, west, and south; 22 grave 
caps were broken. 
At the Central Kona Church cemetery at 
Kealakekua, 12 headstones and one large 
memorial monument were overturned west- 
ward and one stone eastward. Another stone 
was rotated counterclockwise. In the Epis- 
copal cemetery, just across the highway, five 
headstones were overturned westward, one 
was rotated counterclockwise, and one clock- 
wise. 
At Kahikolu Church, about 0.5 mile south 
of the Kealakekua fault line, of a total of 10 
headstones, 2 were overturned to the west 
and one was twisted clockwise. Two miles 
farther inland but only about 0.6 mile south 
of the fault line is another cemetery of the 
Hongwanji Mission. Here, of more than 200 
headstones, 29 were still down on September 
7, the majority having been dislodged to the 
west, and 10 or more had been replaced. 
Thirteen had been twisted clockwise and 4 
counterclockwise; 24 grave caps were broken. 
There was much damage to caps and markers 
in the lower section of the cemetery where 
the ground is composed of rocky talus. 
At St. Benedict Church, 1.5 miles farther 
south, there is a cemetery with approximately 
100 markers. Nearly half of these are wooden 
crosses, which were not deranged. Several 
others are light concrete crosses with wire 
reinforcing. Some of these were broken at 
the shank so as to expose the wires one or 
two of which were the sole remaining support. 
Of about 20 vertical headstones, 11 were 
displaced or broken. 
The most complete derangement of grave- 
stones was found in the Kalahiki Japanese 
cemetery, a small hillside cemetery 3.8 miles 
south of Kealia, where only 2 of 30 markers 
were found in position 5 days after the earth- 
quake (Fig. 11). The dislodgement was chiefly 
to the southwest and, to a lesser extent, to 
the northeast. Ten were shifted to the north 
without being thrown down. Seven, including 
some of these 10, were rotated clockwise and 
one counterclockwise. Here, on loose, steeply 
sloping ground, a large proportion of the 
grave caps were broken, owing to poor design 
and to construction on the newly heaped 
grave mound. This cemetery is about 11 
miles south of the probable epicenter. South 
of this point no cemeteries with headstones 
susceptible to overturning or rotation were 
found. 
The prevailing east- west azimuth of fall of 
gravestones throughout the area is probably 
largely the result of the prevailing westward 
slope. The orientation of most cemeteries is 
governed by the general north-south align- 
ment of the principal roads, and, in turn, most 
gravestones face the west or east and have 
