African and Madagascar Flowering Plants. 335 
by self-fertilisation, while 300 were formed by cross-fertilisa- 
tion. (Muller, No. 775, also see Macleod, No. 244.) — Near 
Uitenhage. 
Viola decumbens, L . (Fig. 3.) 
The stigma is simple in this species and bends down- 
wards so as almost to touch the concave lower lip. On 
entering an insect will probably carry the extremity inwards 
and so shake the circle of stamens. The stigma is thus even 
more primitive than that of Viola tricolor (cf. Macleod, 
No. 337). — Houwhoek, Cape Colony, 
Polygala bracteolata, L. (Figs. 4-6.) 
The one-sided development of this flower is far more 
marked than in P. myrtifolia. Looking at the petals from 
above (Fig. 5), one sees that the whole carina is bent laterally to 
the left, while the alighting brush v is only developed on the 
right side : both the style and the lip of the carina are slightly 
bent over to the right so that the style emerges in a direction 
pointing towards the body of an insect which would be 
standing on the alighting brush. The upper petals are 
almost entirely free from the three lower (which form the 
carina), and the right has a rounded projection, or peg, which 
overlaps the left (/, Fig. 5). The style ends in a peculiar 
hammershaped head, the upper part b being the pollen-cup, 
while the stigma is on the inferior inner concavity st. So far 
as I could see, the pollen is originally shed into the hollow or 
bay h below the stigma, but when the flower is ready for 
insect-visits, almost all of it is found on the cup or upper part 
b. The pollen appears to be forced round into this cup by the 
growth of the style-extremity over to the right, and this also 
produces a twisting of the tip of the carina in the same 
direction. 
When a bee alights on the brush, the carina yields at the 
hinge x, and the insect’s right side is touched by the stigma 
and also receives the pollen. Small insects are kept out by 
the overlapping of the upper petals and the hairs developed at 
the hinge h v and upper edges of the carina h r Self-fertilisa- 
