Contributions to the Morphology and Physio- 
logy of Pulpy Fruits. 
BY 
J. BRETLAND FARMER, B.A., F.L.S. 
With Plates XXV and XXVI. 
OTWITHSTANDING the activity which has, for more 
■1 ^1 than half a century, been manifested in almost all de- 
partments of botanical research, the morphology and develop- 
ment of the pulp of succulent fruits still remains an almost 
untouched field, and the only writer 1 who, so far as I am 
aware, has dealt especially with this subject, has left very 
much to be desired as regards the completeness of his results. 
Under the term Pulp , I include all the tissues, of whatever 
character, which become succulent in the mature fruit, for it 
is quite impossible to draw any clear distinction between 
those usually described as fleshy, as in the apple for instance, 
and those which are pulpy in the more common acceptation 
of the term, as in the grape ; the one extreme passes quite 
gradually into the other. 
The Botanists of the older school, in describing and classi- 
fying the different kinds of fruits, were guided chiefly by the 
characters presented by mature structures without reference 
in all cases to the precise origin of the various tissues, and hence 
it is that the present terminology, which has come down to us 
with hardly any material alteration, from the days of Mirbel 
and Jussieu, sometimes fails to convey correct impressions 
of individual fruits, although, regarded as a whole, its utility 
1 P. Lampe, Zur Kentniss d. Baues ii. d. Entwick. saftiger Friichte ; Zeitschr. fur 
Naturw. Halle, Bd. LIX. 
[Annals of Botany, Vol. III. No. XI. August 1889.] 
