406 Farmer .—On the Morphology and 
one or two large globules, by effecting the disappearance of 
the membrane ; no saponification takes place at all, the oil 
is quite unaltered by potash, even when treated with it for 
a considerable time. It is, however, easily dissolved by ether, 
chloroform, or turpentine, and from these solutions it may 
readily be recovered by distillation. Osmic acid stains it 
quickly, and proved a most useful reagent in aiding the watch- 
ing of its formation, but fair results were also obtained by 
lengthy treatment with solutions of iodine. 
The oil-forming tissue is found chiefly in the inner part of 
the fruit. The cells of the rind, though they contained it in 
small quantities, are for the most part filled with the red sap 
to which so many dark-coloured fruits owe their characteristic 
appearance. Still, these may also be regarded as forming, 
together with the carpels, the pulp of the fruit which is thus 
derived from the whole mass of the ovary, with the exception 
of the few cells which are devoted to form the soft parchment- 
like endocarp. I do not propose to deal with this structure 
here, but to reserve it until it is met with in a better developed 
form in other types. Still, although it is feebly represented, 
it has as much claim to regard, from a taxonomic standpoint, 
as that in Sambucus or Prunus ; and I think it is a pity that 
all these fruits are not included under the common term drupe, 
instead of artificially restricting this term to a one-seeded form. 
For they all agree in the essential feature of the endocarp, and 
fall quite naturally into the same category, whereas under the 
present system both Hedera and Sambucus are removed from 
their obvious alliance with forms like Prunus , and placed in 
the same class with Vitis and Daphne Mezereon. 
Rubus fruticosus. — This fruit gives us an example of the 
drupaceous type, in which a portion of the pericarp only is 
devoted to the formation of pulp, the remainder undergoing 
modification to enable it to meet other and special require- 
ments. If the walls of the ovaries are examined in the young 
state, shortly before the unfolding of the flower-bud, the cells 
of the middle and outer regions are seen to be arranged in 
irregular radial rows, each containing about eight to ten cells. 
