108 Marshall Ward.— On the Characters , or 
&c. ; they are known to all. The great link between this 
school and the one to be taken next is the specialisation of 
the labours of the Pasteur-Duclaux school in the direction of 
pathology, and the ferment-theory of disease. 
The other branch of the non-botanical workers started 
more directly from the Cohn-Ehrenberg school of bacterio- 
logists, under the direct leadership of Koch. It originated 
distinctly, I think, with Koch’s path-breaking work on 
Bacilhis anthracis , and the foundation of the Mittheilungen 
aus dem kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte in 1881, and has been 
carried on ever since, under the banner of the great German 
doctor, by men like Fliigge, Fraenkel, Gaffky, Eberth, Briegen, 
Pfeiffer, Woodhead, and a whole army of pathologists. On the 
whole it has kept more in touch with the systematists, especi- 
ally of the Cohn-Ehrenberg school as shown by the works of 
Fliigge, Migula, Cornil, and Babes, &c., though its special 
work is marked throughout as pathological in nature. 
The contributions to our knowledge of anthrax, cholera, 
and tuberculosis made by Koch, Gaffky, Klein, Hankin, and 
others, suffice to show this ; and it may be remarked in 
passing that such work on the part of the pathologists of the 
German and French schools at once explains their departure 
from the older traditions of bacteriology. Another remark- 
able feature of the Koch-Fliigge school, if we may thus term 
it, has been their extraordinary fertility in the devising of 
methods of culture and of staining. The same has been true 
of the Pasteur-Duclaux school, and it is indeed a very 
invidious task to compare and contrast the two in respect 
of their achievements in any part of the general domain they 
have opened up ; but I am not attempting to detract in the 
slightest from the high honours of either by trying to select 
what seem to be the distinguishing peculiarities in their 
special lines of development of the science. 
It seems to me that while the German school has paid 
particular attention to the methods of gelatine-culture and of 
staining by means of aniline-dyes, the French school has 
rather developed the methods of culture in liquid media, and 
