84 Oliver. — On the Structure , Development , 
given in Fig. 39. Finally, the section in Fig. 45 is across 
the style. 
It is the upper sessile ovule (ov. 1 ) alone in which develop- 
ment is continued after fertilization ; the lower one (ov. 2 ), 
though up to the stage of fertilization it in no way differs 
from the upper, except in the possession of a funicle and 
in being slightly smaller, ceases to grow. With care it may 
be found, even in an old fruit, as a collapsed remnant, near 
to the point of attachment of the seed. In the upper ovule 
(ov?) development after fertilization appears to be very rapid ; 
it grows down extending towards the base of the loculus, 
which it ultimately completely fills (Fig. 35). The details 
of this development will be resumed directly. 
Development of the fruit-appendages . — At the time of 
flowering the rudiments of the spines are visible, and before 
the corolla has fallen away, have quite a tangible presence. 
In Figs. 10 and 11 these rudiments are shown; 10 is the 
anterior face and shows an unpaired rudiment (a.s.) situated 
below the interval between the two anterior sepals. In ri 
are shown the paired rudiments (p. s.) of the posterior spines, 
and in both figures, the less conspicuous paired rudiments 
of the lateral spines are represented (/. s.). 
After the fall of the corolla the calyx-lobes close over 
the ovary, and remain with their edges overlapping. The 
five rudiments grow out into spines, as indicated in Figs. 
12, 13 and 14. The last number represents the mature fruit. 
The paired lateral appendages (/. s.) alone remain compara- 
tively short, each rigid and sharply pointed. The anterior 
and posterior spines grow out to a great length — often ex- 
ceeding that of both fruit and pedicel. As the fruit ripens, 
their ends become incurved in a circinate manner (Fig. 14), 
and the whole fruit — both pericarp and spines — becomes 
much hardened and lignified. As the fruits ripen their 
pedicels usually become recurved, as shown in Fig. 1, and 
the fruits are in this way brought down to or even slightly 
below the surface of the water. In the ripe fruit the pedicel 
becomes extremely brittle at the point of its insertion in the 
