298 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 
slender mandibles and maxillae and the short abdomen, being the result 
of their carnivorous habits, and their being obliged to climb up the stems 
of plants or to walk over the leaves after smaller insects. Under such 
circumstances the body would become shorter and more concentrated, and 
the legs well developed. In the Trichoptera, whose larvae live in cylin- 
drical cases, the body is seen to be essentially Campodea-like; the head 
is fundamentally like that of Oorydalis ; the differences are adaptive. 
But when we regard the larva of the Panorpidae, we are dealing with 
a new type; it is caterpillar-like, eruciform ; its body is slender and cy- 
lindrical, the head small, and feet short and small. Notice also its 
habits. The larva of Panorpa communis of Europe, as described by 
Brauer, 147 is remarkably caterpillar-like or eruciform. The head is small, 
well rounded, and the antennae and mouth-parts are small and rudimen- 
tary, compared with those of other Neuroptera, not excepting the Trich- 
optera. Moreover, they are constructed on nearly the same type as 
those of caterpillars; for example, the mandibles are short, toothed, of 
the same form as in Lepidopterous larvae; the maxillae are short, and 
whether more than two-lobed Brauer does not state, though his figure 
indicates apparently a rudimentary third lobe; the palpi are four-jointed, 
while the labium is small with small three-jointed palpi. 
The form of the body is thick and stout, like that of a Bombycid 
(Arctian) larva. The short, four-jointed thoracic feet are in length and 
thickness like those of caterpillars. But the most striking resemblance 
to caterpillars and saw-fly larvae is seen in the eight pairs of abdomi- 
nal feet, which Brauer describes as conical or pin-shaped (kegelfor- 
mig), while on the last (ninth or tenth 1) segment are four finger-shaped, 
equal processes. Not only the form of the body, but also the arrange- 
ment and shape of the button-like setiferous warts on the body are 
strikingly like those of some Arctian caterpillars. The pupa has free 
limbs and wings as in other Neuroptera. The larva of Panorpa bores 
an inch deep into moss-covered, not wet soil. 
The larvae of Bittacus ( B . italicus and hagenii), as also described and 
figured by Brauer, 148 have a rounded head, with small mouth-parts; the 
mandibles are, however, rather long, compared with those of Panorpa; 
while the maxillae have apparently two inner short lobes, and a four- 
jointed, short maxillary palpus; the labium is rudimentary, with a pair 
of short, minute, two-jointed palpi. The body is not so thick as in Pa- 
norpa; it is cylindrical and adorned with long, scattered, dorsal spines, 
which bear one or two branches near the base, while there is a lateral 
row of slender filaments, and a row of ventral verticillate hairs. It thus 
bears a resemblance to the larvai of some butterflies, as Vanessa antiopa, 
and especially the young Polyommatus ( Heodes hypophleas) or the Bom- 
bycid larvm of Anisota stigma or Platysamia, as well as Selandria 
147 Sitzunpebericbto matli.-najurw. Claaso k. Akad. Wisq., Wien, 1851. Tafel 1. 
148 Vorbandlungen k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellscbaft in Wien, 1871. 
