32 
PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIV, January I960 
Fig. 4. Pseudogramma. a and b, Top views of the skull, with the left nasal bone in position, a showing 
the inner borders of the infraosseous portion of the supraorbital lateral line canals by dashes; c, side view of 
skull, al, Alisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; ep, epiotic; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; me, mesethmoid; op, opisthotic; 
pa, parietal; pf, prefrontal; po, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterotic; sp, sphenotic; su, supraoccipital; vo, 
vomer. 
Opercular Bones. The preopercle of Epine- 
phelus is serrate. In Pseudogramma the edge is 
membranous except for the single enlarged spine 
(Fig. 5). In Pseudochromis the entire edge is 
membranous. In Plesiops the preopercle has a 
double border reminiscent of that appearing ex- 
ternally in some of the apogonids, but neither of 
these borders is serrate. 
In Epinephelus the opercle has three super- 
ficially visible spines. In Pseudogramma (Fig. 
5) these spines have become rudimentary and 
are concealed, but they can still be made out 
