314 Willis and Bur kill, — Flozvers and 
work because it is the focus of the distribution of Alpine 
plants in Britain, and because of special facilities for our work 
which the owners of the land there gave us. To them we 
owe our sincere thanks. 
The Clova district as here described means the southern 
face of the Grampians near Clova in Forfarshire, and includes 
the upper parts of Glens Clova and Prosen, and the moors of 
the North Esk above Loch Lee. It comprises about 103^ 
square miles, and forms three fairly well defined zones, a zone 
of straths or valley bottoms (500-1000 feet elevation, 9 sq. 
miles), a zone of steep hillsides, usually broken by crags 
above 1,800 feet (1,000-2,500 feet, 74 sq. miles), and a zone 
of open peaty moors above (2,500-3,000 feet, 20 sq. miles, 
with £ sq. mile above 3,000 feet). The total phanerogamic 
flora is 363 species, of which eighty-one are alpines ; sixteen 
other species are maintained by cultivation. Details of these, 
with discussion of seasonal and altitudinal distribution, are 
given elsewhere 1 . 
The insects which we collected have largely been named 
by the following entomologists, to whom we are very much 
indebted. 
G. C. Bicknell, Esq., F.E.S. (Parasitic Hymenoptera). 
H. J. Burkill, Esq., M.A. (Lepidoptera). 
P. Cameron, Esq., F.E.S. (Tenthredinidae). 
E. Saunders, Esq., F.E.S. (Hymenoptera aculeata). 
D. Sharp, Esq., M.B., F.R.S. (Coleoptera and others). 
G. H. Verrall, Esq., F.E.S. (Diptera). 
C. Warburton, esq., M.A. (Araneida). 
Our observations were distributed as much as possible over 
the months when flowers occur, August being alone neglected. 
An account of our visits and a summary of the Flora is given 
in the Transactions of the Edinburgh Botanical Society, 
cited below. 
Clova stands at about 780 feet above the sea, in a narrow 
valley between hills which rise rapidly to 2,500 feet, and in 
1 Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc., xxii, 1901, p. 109. 
