On the Movements of the Flowers of Spar- 
mannia africana, and their Demonstration 
by means of the Kinematograph. 
BY 
RINA SCOTT. 
With Plates XXXVII, XXXVIII, and XXXIX. 
O PARMANNIA africana is a common greenhouse plant, 
^ which was introduced from the Cape into Europe as early 
as 1790. It was named after Dr. Sparmann, a Swedish 
botanist, who accompanied Captain Cook on his second 
voyage round the world. 
It belongs to the order Tiliaceae ; there are three species : 
5 . abyssinica , S', palmata ,' and the subject of the present 
paper. 
It is well known to the botanist on account of the curious 
movements of its stamens, which, when touched, gradually 
move away from the style, leaving the stigma exposed and 
ready for fertilization by bees. 
A paper was written on the subject as early as 1841 by 
Charles Morren 1 . 
S. africana is found wild in many parts of S. Africa, 
occurring about the Knysna district and from thence East, but 
always at no great distance from the coast. It attains a 
height of about 15 feet, ripening its seeds towards the end 
1 Mem. de l’Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles. Ch. Morren, 1841, vol. xiv. 
[Annals of Botany, Vol. XVII. No. LXVIII. September, 1903.] 
3 f a 
