and the Use of the Kinematograph. 765 
breaking open on all sides temp. 50° F. (io° C.), till at sunrise 
they had attained the position shown in Figs. 35 and 59. Up 
till now the stamens have not been exposed ; now for the 
first time a few of the staminodes raise themselves and begin 
to show between the petals (see Figs. 23, 24, 56 and diagram), 
and the rapidity with which the flower opens from this stage 
depends on the temperature. If it is sunny and has reached 
about 6o°F. (15*5° C.) by then the process of unfolding is so 
rapid that it is difficult to draw the different stages (an 
example of this rapid opening is shown in Figs. 22-25) where 
the time interval between 23 and 24 is only ten minutes ; but 
if, on the other hand, the temperature remains low, these 
little hooked staminodes, which are now raised into the 
position in which they will be in an open flower, appear to be 
peculiarly sensitive, and from observations made later seem 
to transmit a message to the other parts of the flower, causing 
it to finish opening as soon as the temperature is right. They 
are a most conspicuous feature in a flower during the critical 
moments of its opening and closing, but even when a flower 
is opening rapidly, if carefully watched, one can see that these 
staminodes are raised first. 
The flower continues to open gradually, the petals becoming 
less and less crumpled, the sepals and petals rising one by 
one (see Fig. 24) until eventually on a sunny day the sepals 
are pressed tightly back and the petals raised to the utmost, 
exposing the stamens (Figs. 5 (2 and 3), 25, 39, 64). The 
style is at first shorter than the stamens, but by the following 
day has grown to their length. If very cold weather prevails, 
and the flower is prevented from opening for some days, then 
the style is found to be its full length as soon as the flower 
opens. 
The opening is generally complete by about 9 a.m. The 
flower remains wide open during sunlight ; as the sun’s power 
diminishes, the flower-stalk moves from the joint until the 
flower again reaches the vertical position (Fig. 4), the petals 
close over the stamens one by one (see Fig. 1 5, one flower has 
one petal closed, the other two and Figs. 16-20), then the 
