Reconnaissance by Submarine — Brock and Chamberlain 
393 
3). Seaward these sand channels spilled over the 
Lualualei escarpment or through gullies in that 
escarpment down into the Lualualei Terrace. In 
most places the inner edge of the Lualualei Ter- 
race was buried with thick masses of nearshore 
calcareous sand mixed with escarpment talus of 
pebble and cobble size (Fig. 9). 
6. The amount of offshore sand increased 
markedly from north to south; near Kepuhi 
Point all of the escarpments and terraces were 
completely buried and a single sand slope of 
about 5.° extended from 25 meters to the depth 
limit of the "Asherah.” 
APPENDIX 
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 
"Asherah” 
The research submarine "Asherah” was 
leased from the Electric Boat Division of Gen- 
eral Dynamics for a period of one week. Accom- 
panying the submarine was a 3-man operating 
and maintenance crew and equipment to keep 
all systems functioning. She was 17 feet long 
with a spherical pressure hull 5 feet in diameter 
at the anterior end attached to a cone-shaped 
afterpart which was floodable and housed 
batteries, compressed air tanks, and ballast 
tanks. 
She was rated for a maximum depth of 600 
feet and for an operating period of 10 hours. 
Other data include: 
Crew: 2, an operator and an observer 
Propulsion: 2 side-mounted, 2-hp motors 
Power: 24-volt storage batteries 
Life support: 48 man-hours endurance (C0 2 
absorbent and compressed oxygen) 
Viewports: six 5-inch minimum diameter, 
90° truncated cone, 2-inch-thick plexi- 
glass; and one 2-inch skylight of 1-inch 
plexiglass in hatch 
Weight in air: 8,500 pounds 
Through a "pinger” mounted on the hull of 
the submarine and a directional hydrophone on 
board the 13-foot power boat, the approximate 
position of the "Asherah” was monitored 
throughout a dive. 
Where the nature of the diving investigation 
permitted, the dive was begun at its deepest 
point, that is at 180 meters, in order to get the 
submarine down into cool water as soon as 
possible. This was desirable since in near-surface 
waters the temperature inside the craft, to- 
gether with 100% humidity, made her uncom- 
fortable. For this reason, near-bottom observa- 
tions were taken from deep to shallow water. 
Both the operator and the scientific observer 
aboard the vehicle used the viewports and ex- 
changed information on their observations. In 
addition, a portable tape recorder was used to 
record what was seen; however, because of the 
ambient noise level, the tapes were difficult to 
understand on playback. Photographs in mono- 
chrome and color were taken through the view- 
ports with cameras impervious to moisture such 
as the Nikonos. While the "Asherah” had an 
external automatic camera, this was in operating 
condition for only a few of the dives near the 
termination of the program. While few of the 
photographs were of good quality, many were 
adequate to confirm visual observations. 
Stereo -P ho tograp hie Equipment 
The following photographic equipment, pur- 
chased from Edgerton, Germeshausen and Gier, 
Inc., 160 Brookline Avenue, Boston, was used 
throughout the "Asherah” diving operations: 
two 3 5 -mm cameras, Model 200; light source, 
Model 210; and camera mount, Model 240. 
A pinger system monitored by the "Teritu’s” 
echo sounding recorder was used to record the 
camera’s distance from the bottom. Its compo- 
nents consisted of a driver (Model 220), and a 
transducer (Model 221). 
The entire camera system, including pinger, 
was powered by silver cell batteries. 
Kodak TRI-X film was used for all black 
and white photography, Echtochrome MS film 
for all color photography. 
Echo Sounding Equipment 
The echo sounding equipment used aboard 
the "Teritu,” and by means of which the bathy- 
metric profiles were made, consisted of: gifft 
Transceiver: 800 watts peak power at 12 kilo- 
cycles, alpine Precision Echo Sonic Recorder 
(pesr), and braincon towed "V” Fin in- 
corporating an EDO transducer. 
