Pseudosquilla Replaced by Gonodactylus — Kinzie 
469 
Although it is difficult to describe unam- 
biguously the coloration of the two sexes, there 
is a definite tendency for the larger males of the 
Hawaiian G. falcatus to be dark with dark green 
to black predominating. The females are reddish 
shading to brown in smaller individuals. In 
specimens under 35 mm both males and females 
are tan to brown. 
Gonodactylus loendersoni Manning 
Since the completion of the work reported in 
this paper, the second species of Gonodactylus 
found in Hawaii has been removed from G. 
demand and named G. hendersoni by Manning 
(1967). 
distribution: Burma, Indonesia, Queens- 
land, Viet Nam, and Puerto Galera and Taytay 
in the Philippine Islands. On Oahu this species 
is most commonly found at Waikiki reef and off 
Diamond Head (Fig- 1). It has not been taken 
from Kaneohe Bay. Manning’s description 
(1967) is based in part on Hawaiian material. 
ORIGIN AND INTRODUCTION OF NEW HAWAIIAN 
SPECIES 
Area of Origin 
The almost simultaneous appearance of these 
two species in Hawaii indicates that they prob- 
ably came from the same area at the same time. 
With this consideration in mind, localities where 
both Gonodactylus falcatus and G. hendersoni 
occur will be considered as possible areas from 
which the founding populations might have 
come. 
Although G. falcatus occurs as far north as 
Japan, the most northerly reports for G. hen- 
dersoni are from Nha Trang in Viet Nam and 
Taytay and Puerto Galera in the Philippines. 
These two species co-occur further south in 
Queensland and to the west through Indonesia. 
Means of Introduction 
In discussing the introduction of marine in- 
vertebrates, larval transport and introduction 
of adults require separate consideration. 
larvae: Although attempts to rear the larvae 
of G. falcatus were unsuccessful, the results in- 
dicated that the minimum pelagic life of the 
larvae of this species is about 22 days. This 
agrees with the findings of Gurney (1937) 
and Manning and Provenzano (1963). The 
great size attained by some stomatopod larvae 
taken at sea (Brooks, 1886 :5ff.) suggests the 
possibility that stomatopods can prolong their 
larval life for an indefinite period, until proper 
conditions for metamorphosis are encountered. 
There is little concrete evidence to support this 
suggestion, however, and it must be considered 
as a tentative hypothesis until substantiating 
work has been done. If G. falcatus came to 
Hawaii as larvae the most likely possibility is 
that they were carried by the Kurashio current 
(Sverdrup, 1942:723). The probability seems 
slight that larvae of both G. falcatus and G. 
hendersoni were brought at the same time from 
as far as the northern Philippines by ocean cur- 
rents. 
adults: Transportation of benthic adults 
over long distances would probably involve 
transport in or on ocean-going vessels. New- 
man (1963) suggested that the shrimp Pae- 
lemon macrodactylus was transported from the 
Orient to San Francisco Bay in the salt water 
system of a ship. Jones (1966) reports the in- 
troduction into Hawaii of the brackish-water 
copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus , which had 
previously been recorded only in Japan. It is 
unlikely that this copepod was transported by 
ocean currents, since the time required would 
have covered several generations, and the species 
is restricted to brackish waters. Newman stated 
that the proper conditions for introduction by 
this method do not commonly occur, which 
would explain the infrequency of introduction 
of any species that cannot be transported on the 
exposed surface of a ship’s bottom (Matsui, 
Shane, and Newman, 1964). The simultaneous 
introduction of both species of stomatopods in 
the saltwater system of a ship seems unlikely. 
During World War II, the United States 
Navy used a number of barges constructed of 
concrete in their operations in the south and 
west Pacific. At the end of the war many of 
these barges were towed back from the localities 
where they had been used. Most of them were 
left in Guam, but some were towed as far as 
the Hawaiian Islands. They are now located, 
submerged, in West Loch at Pearl Harbor (Fig. 
1 ) on Oahu. These barges were frequently used 
