Mosquitoes of New Guinea- — PENN 
5 
M. A. Greenblatt, William W. Bonds, Harold 
W. Dorman, A. S. Griswold, James E. Surgenor, 
William T, Whitfield, Peter B. Tompkins, and 
Otis L. Andrews. 
Dr. Alan Stone of the U. S. Bureau of Ento- 
mology and Plant Quarantine confirmed the 
determinations of most of the species; Professor 
F. A. Perkins and Miss Elizabeth N. Marks of 
the Entomological Laboratories of the Univer- 
sity of Queensland generously assisted in the 
identification and storage of materials collected 
during the early months of our stay in Mew 
Guinea. 
Finally, I am especially grateful to Dr. Robert 
Matheson of Cornell University, who directed 
and encouraged the study of this problem and 
whose friendly interest and counsel will long 
be remembered and appreciated. 
FEATURES OF TAXONOMIC IMPORTANCE 
Although the first attempted identification of 
mosquito pupae utilized the arrangement and 
branching of the abdominal setae (Mitchell, 
1907 : appendix) it was not until Macfie (1920: 
161-169) published his account of the pupal 
chaetotaxy of Aedes aegypti that the value of 
setae in the classification of pupae was rec- 
ognized. , 
Most of the early workers based their classi- 
fications on gross structures such as the shape 
and size of the respiratory trumpets and nata- 
tory paddles. Thus Banks (1908: 235-258), 
Wesche (1910: 7-50), Jacobson (1911: 158— 
161 ), De Meijere (1911: 162-167), Howard, 
Dyar, and Knab (1912-1917), Ingram and 
Macfie (1917: 73-91; 1919: 59-69), Wiggles- 
worth (1920: 59-68), and Hill (1925: 62-77) 
described or figured mosquito pupae from va- 
rious parts of the world. 
Modern taxonomy of mosquito pupae utilizes 
all of the morphological features and chaetotaxy 
which may be of use in determining each 
species. The following discussion and table will 
elucidate the characters and terminology used 
in the present paper. 
Morphology 
The general appearance of a mosquito pupa 
is like a comma with an exaggerated dot, the 
dot being the head and thorax fused into a 
cephalothorax, the tail of the comma being 
the abdomen. Generally the size of the pupa 
corresponds to the size of the imago. 
Cephalothorax. — The head is marked by 
the appearance of the compound eyes of the 
adult near the anterior margin (Fig. 1, Ce) and 
the smaller pupal eyes just posterior to them 
(Fig. 1, Oc). The mouth parts (Fig. 1, Mp) 
can be seen closely compressed and developing 
in the central part of an ovoid shield which 
covers the front and sides of the cephalothorax. 
The antennae (Fig. 1, Ant) extend from the 
sides of the epicranial region and run outward 
to the sides of the cephalothorax, one beneath 
the anterior margin of each wing. 
The mesothorax is marked by the respiratory 
trumpets (Fig. 1, Tr), which provide the only 
opening in the integument of the pupa. The 
spiracular opening is always at the base of the 
trumpet in the Culicinae, but may be either 
at the middle or nearer the apex in the Chaobo- 
rinae. Each trumpet (Fig. 2) is divided into 
a tubular portion, the meatus, and an open 
funnel-shaped portion, the pinna. The meatus 
is often plainly divisible into a proximal trach- 
eoid portion provided with numerous concen- 
tric ridges, and a distal reticulate portion, the 
surface of which is covered by a fine network. 
The trumpets are composed of an inner and 
outer wall which are usually closely adherent, 
but in species of the genus Harpagomyia the 
walls are well separated. The opening of the 
Fig. 2. Generalized trumpet of culicine pupa. 
