Hawaiian Marine Gastropods — OSTERGAARD 
81 
cilia developed from the ectoderm at the an- 
terior end of the body. Directly posterior to 
each lateral lobe there was a clear, rounded 
protuberance, probably of ectodermal origin. 
The foot, also developed from the ectoderm, 
appeared as a bulky process on the ventral 
side, posterior to the ciliated lobes. Under 
it, near its base, was a short, pointed oper- 
culum, which on its inner surface was longi- 
tudinally convex and laterally concave. Also 
the shell had begun to form around the 
posterior part of the body, originating at a 
postero-dorsal point where it was attached to 
the body. Laterally and anteriorly the shell 
projected far out. The endodermal cells had 
become much distorted and had lost their 
symmetrical arrangement, yet retained their 
great size (Fig. 2a, b, c) . 
On July 17, 2 days after the above- 
described stage was observed, the opening of 
another capsule revealed larvae with well- 
developed shells and with an operculum as 
previously observed, except that it was much 
larger and extended beyond the foot laterally 
and anteriorly. Distinct eyes and otocysts were 
present at this stage as well as a bilobed cili- 
ated velum, the oral lobes. This was the 
veliger stage, typical of the gastropod larva 
( Fig. 2d, e ) . Length of the shell at this stage 
was 0.20 mm. 
After this stage changes in the embryo 
took place more slowly and no new phases 
occurred. Some of the existing features merely 
became more pronounced until the free- 
swimming stage was attained. 
By July 23, after 14 days of incubation, 
the larvae began to escape normally from 
their egg cases. The ciliated oral lobes were 
well extended, and on the free surface of the 
foot a large purple area appeared. The oper- 
culum had lost much of its curvature and 
was large and broad, extending well beyond 
the foot both laterally and distally. The 
whole shell was pitted with shallow depres- 
sions and had a slight purplish tinge; a 
similar tinge was also possessed by the larva 
(Fig. 2f, g, h). At hatching the veliger shell 
was 0.22 mm. in length (Fig. 2 i, j, k). 
Fig. 2. Cypraea carneola Linnaeus, a—c, Early 
stages of shell and operculum: a, dorsal, b, lateral, 
c, ventral aspects; d, e, early veliger stages; f-h, 
free-swimming veliger stage: f, ventral, g, lateral, 
h, ventrolateral aspects; i-k, veliger shell of free- 
swimming stage showing operculum and otocysts. 
