Hawaiian Species of Carex — KRAUSS 
271 
below Pui-o-Uo, July 11, 1911; Forbes 
972.H, Flow of 1823, Level of Keawewai, 
June 28, 1915; Giffard, Kilauea Volcano, 
June 1911; Hapeman, Volcano House, Kila- 
uea, Apr. 23, 1908, (NY); Hitchcock 14528, 
Hualalai Mt., Sept. 2, 1916, (US); Hitch- 
cock 14238 , Kukaiau Ranch, 8000', Aug. 21, 
1916, (US); Hitchcock 14226, Kukaiau 
Ranch, 3600', Aug. 20, 1916, (US); Hitch- 
cock 14317, Maunakea, NE slope, 7000', 
Aug. 23, 1916, (US); Mann & Brigham 332, 
high central plateau of Hawaii; Re my 146, 
1851-55, (GH); Rock 12731, Kilauea Vol- 
cano, July 191 1; St. John 11438, Puu Hua- 
lalai, Kaupulehu, summit of volcanic cone, 
8000', Dec. 30, 1931; Skottsberg 524b, E 
slope of Mauna Loa, Sept. 15, 1922, (GB); 
Skottsberg 570, Kilauea, Tree Fern Forest, 
Sept. 17, 1922, (GB); Skottsberg 494, Kila- 
uea, crater trail, Sept. 12, 1922, (GB); Skotts- 
berg 524, Trail to rest house, Mauna Loa, 
Sept. 15, 1922, (GB); Wilkes Exp ed., 1838- 
42, (US). 
Carex macloviana, in the subgenus Vignea 
(P. Beauv. ) Nees (Kiikenthal 1909: 111) 
section O vales Kunth (Kiikenthal 1909: 
191 ), is a widespread and confusing species. 
Kiikenthal has described 10 varieties and 
forms corresponding more to geographical re- 
gions than to characters. Specimens of a 
number of these varieties have been exam- 
ined. They represent collections from Cali- 
fornia, Colorado, and Nevada in the United 
States, and from the Falkland Islands, Mex- 
ico, Greenland, Kamchatka, Canada, Una- 
laska, Sweden, and Chile. 
The Hawaiian species show a clear rela- 
tionship to the varieties subfusca ( W. Boott) 
Kiikenth. and pachystachya (Cham.) L. H. 
Bailey. They do not seem to be close to the 
varieties from South America which have 
perigynia which are more broadly winged, 
more strongly nerved, and less concave- 
convex in cross section. The latter include 
the type for macloviana sent from Santiago, 
Chile. 
In my opinion many of the varieties of 
Carex macloviana D’Urv. represent differing 
biotypes with neither ecological nor genetic 
basis for their segregation. In specimens of 
the Hawaiian plant a clear gradation may 
be observed, often in the same inflorescence, 
from perigynia strongly nerved to not nerved, 
from strongly squarrose to not squarrose, 
etc. 
The type collection of Kellogg from Cali- 
fornia has been examined. It corresponds 
very closely to the Hawaiian plant. It is not 
possible, without more material, to determine 
if Carex subfusca W. Boott is a good species. 
The world distribution of Carex macloviana 
D’Urv., and the slight differences in its pop- 
ulation, prevent the retention of Carex sub- 
fusca W. Boott as a Linnaean species; how- 
ever, its varietal status appears to be sound. 
Carex pluvia sp. nov. 
Figs. 14 a-c, 15 
Carex sandwicensis Boeckler (1875: 265) 
var. laxiflora Kiikenth. Fedde Rep. XVI, 
435, 1920. 
Rhizomatis caespitosis in glaebis laxis 30 
cm. in diametrio, squamis radicorum 7-8 
mm. latis 1—5 cm. longis fibrillosis, culmis 
fertilibus 2-3 mm. latis 45-75 cm. longis 
erectis triangularibus concavis striatis glabris 
apicibus caulorum pendulis, 6-10 laminis 
5-7 mm. latis 15-75 cm. longis pendulis 
culmis fertilis raro excedendis in marginibus 
saepe revolutis scabris in apice glabris in basi 
vaginis laxis membranace evanescendentibus 
clausis, inflorescentis ramosis pendulis aut 
erectis 8-10 nodis unispiciferis pedunculis et 
ocreis in laminis-bracteis inclusis inflorescen- 
tiis excedendis, spicis 3-5 mm. latis 3-9 cm. 
longis multifructibus androgynis praeter spicis 
terminalis masculis, pedunculis in ocreis in- 
clusis et squamis sterilis ocreis superioribus, 
squamis foeminis 1 mm. latis 4 mm. longis 
lanceolatis in centris triplinervosis ovatis acu- 
minatis marginibus hyalinis fulvis, squamis 
