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those with dorsiventral flowers (the American 
Cusparieae ) ; ( b ) those without endosperms 
(the African Diosmeae); (c) those having her- 
baceous or suffruticose habit (the Ruteae of 
the northern temperate zone); and (d) those 
species with doubly digitate leaves (the Dict- 
yolomeae of tropical South America). The 
remaining tribes of the Rutoideae are the 
Xanthoxyleae and the Boronieae. The Xan- 
thoxyleae have a tendency to produce uni- 
sexual flowers, a characteristic which, for this 
group, is regarded as a derived feature. The 
most primitive types of the Rutaceae, then, 
are probably the Boronieae, and these types 
are limited to Australia and New Caledonia. 
In Australia there are about 143 species of 
the Boronieae and 26 species of the Xan- 
thoxyleae, but only 9 species of the Flinder- 
sieae, 7 of the Aurantieae, and 3 of the Tod- 
dalieae. These figures, which could readily 
be supplemented with more evidence, show 
clearly enough that the primitive Rutaceae 
appear nowhere as plentifully as they do in 
Australia. 
In considering the Loranthaceae, Engler 
( 1 894 ) mentions the Loranthoideae as the 
first state of development and the Viscoideae 
as the secondary one. The most primitive 
of the Loranthoideae are non-parasitic trees 
which have no berries — members of the 
genera Nuytsia and Gaiadendron. The species 
of Nuytsia, with dry false fruits, are consid- 
ered more primitive than the species of Gaia- 
dendron, with drupe-like false fruits. The 
species of Nuytsia are found only in western 
Australia. Of the four species of Gaiaden- 
dron, three are found in the Andes from Peru 
to Colombia, and one is found in eastern 
Australia. 
Among the Dilleniaceae, two of the sub- 
families, the Actinidioideae and the Sauraui- 
oideae, show a derived feature in the fusion 
of their carpels and further development in 
that the Actinidioideae and most of the Sau- 
rauioideae bear real berries. Neither of these 
subfamilies is represented in the Australian 
flora, the Actinidioideae being found in 
Japan, China, Manchuria, and the Himalayas, 
while the Saurauioideae are found in tropical 
Asia and America. All of the Australian spe- 
cies of the Dilleniaceae belong to the more 
primitive subfamily, the Dillenioideae. One 
of the tribes of the Dillenioideae, the Acro- 
tremeae, is found outside of Australia, in 
India and Ceylon; but this is a less primitive 
tribe than is the Australian one, showing a 
number of derived characteristics, such as 
united carpels, a bushy habit, and pinnati- 
partite leaves. The other tribes of Dillenioi- 
deae — the Tetracereae, Hibbertieae, and Dil- 
lenieae — which also have representatives in 
southern Asia and tropical America, are not 
well enough known at present for a decision 
concerning the degree of their primitiveness 
or evolution. 
Among the Restionaceae, the Diplanthe- 
reae have dithecic anthers and the Haplan- 
thereae have monothecic anthers. Naturally, 
those genera with dithecic anthers are re- 
garded as being the more primitive. They 
appear only in southwestern Australia; the 
genus Anarthria, with free anthers and a tri- 
locular ovary, is the most primitive of them 
all. Among the Haplanthereae no differen- 
tiation can be made upon phylogenetic char- 
acteristics, for here the Australian and the 
African species share some characteristics. 
Nevertheless, the most primitive representa- 
tives do not appear outside of Australia. 
The Centrolepidaceae show quite a similar 
relationship: among them, too, the species 
with dithecic anthers are also the more 
primitive ones. They are represented by the 
genus Juncella in southern Australia and in 
Tasmania. 
The Goodeniaceae, although not com- 
pletely endemic, have most of their repre- 
sentation in Australia. The most primitive 
genus in the family is Calogyne, which has 
bifid or trifid pistils. Two species of the 
genus are found in Australia and the third in 
south China. 
