79 
plant-lice. In a series of five large flasks they produced an 
atmosphere composed of 1 part of carbon bisulphid vapor to 
12, 30, 60, 120 and 180 parts of air. Within each of these 
flasks grape roots bearing the Phylloxera were confined for 
twenty-four hours, at the end of which time the insects were 
dead in each case. In other experiments in which all of the 
previously mentioned insects were used it was found that in 
an atmosphere composed of 1 part carbon bisulphid vapor to 
90 parts air, all insects perished in a few seconds, and that an 
atmosphere composed of 1 part of carbon bisulphid vapor to 
254 parts of air was fatal in one and one-fourth hours. The 
same result is therefore attained by a small proportion of the 
vapor acting through a long time as by a large proportion acting 
for a short time. 
HOW PUT UP AND COST. 
Carbon bisulphid is put up in tight cans or iron drums 
holding from 1 to 50 pounds. It may be purchased in small 
quantities of any druggist, at from 25 to 35 cents per pound: 
but if any considerable quantity is to be used, it is much better 
to buy of some wholesale druggist, or, better still, direct from 
the manufacturers. In the latter way it is shipped in 50 pound 
cans or drums at 10 cents per pound, with an additional charge 
for the drums, which are returnable at the purchase price; 
but all freight charges are paid by the buyer. 
USES OF CARBON BISULPHID. 
PHYLLOXERA TREATMENT. 
It is for insects living underground especially that this 
insecticide fills a need which has not yet been equally well 
met by any other. By far its largest use in insecticidal work 
has been in France against the grape Phylloxera— a little 
plant-louse living mainly upon the roots of that vine. This 
insect is a native of the United States, and from here was 
introduced into France about 1859 upon imported vines. As is 
the rule with insect pests, this plant-louse proved to be far more 
destructive to the vines in France than it has been in this 
country. In 1863 its first injuries were manifest, and in less 
than ten years it had multiplied so enormously there and spread 
so widely that it was feared that vine growing in France was 
doomed. This insect’s connection with the deterioration and 
death of the vines was not known until 1868, when it was proven 
by a French scientist. 
This insecticide was first applied to the Phylloxera in 
1859 by Baron Paul Thenard. Unfortunately, in attempting to 
force the fumes to the necessary depth to kill the insects he 
also killed his vines by the over-dose. Later experiments gave 
better results. In 1873 the use of carbon bisulphid rapidly 
increased until over 200,000 acres were receiving annual treat- 
ment. Treatment had to be repeated for three years before 
the vines regained their normal condition. 
This use of carbon bisulphid for the Phylloxera was the 
beginning of its underground use. The following is a summary 
of the principal conclusions reached by many experimenters in 
the course of years of work against this little root louse: 
Diffusion of the vapor in the soil. — Upon being introduced 
