HA1MTUS ALBIOILLA. 
“ In the breeding season, should two males encounter each other, they sometimes fight in the air, throwing themselves into singular 
postures and screaming loudly. The cry of this species is so shrill that in calm weather one may hear it at the distance of a mile, 
and it often emits a kind of clear yelp, which resembles the syllable Mick , Mick, Mick, or queek, queek, queek, and which seems to be the 
expression of anger or impatience.” — Macgil. Brit. Birds, vol. 111. 
The Sea-Eagle is frequently chased by smaller birds, and rarely makes its appearance upon the sea without being molested by the 
Gulls, which “ mob it all the time.” On such occasions it never offers to return the assaults, but endeavors to get away from its 
persecutors as quickly as possible. Mi'. Dunn states that he “ once saw, while sporting on Kona’s Hill, a pair of Skua Gulls chase 
and completely beat off a large Eagle; the Gulls struck at him several times, and at each stroke he screamed loudly, but never offered to 
return the assault. He was sailing along close to the steep part of the cliffs, and near the breeding place of these Gulls, and was 
most probably looking out for a repast, which he doubtless would have secured had he not received the hint that his company coidd be 
dispensed with. I have also seen from ten to fifteen Arctic Gulls attack an Eagle and beat him from their habitations.” 
But he does not always receive such a reception when he sweeps majestically along the cliffs upon which the smaller Gulls and 
other sea-birds are breeding, and when perhaps there may be no formidable Skuas to teach him propriety, his appearance creating 
great consternation — the old birds in terror for themselves and for their defenceless young. The following note, furnished by II. Osborne, 
Jr,, Esq., to Mr, Gould, and published by him in the Birds of Groat Britain, well describes the effect produced by the advent of this 
Eagle : 
“ An observer who carefully watched this depredator while beating tlie margin of a loch, not far from the edge of the rock, saw 
him slip over the precipice and shoot along about half way between the top of the cliff and the sea. Hardly had he made his 
appearance when a rush of birds seaward took place. Everything that could fly left the rocks, and the terror and confusion that ensued 
was remarkable. This continued during the whole course of his flight, and his appearance was the signal for a hurrying of the scared 
masses out of the reach of danger. So numerous and so very much frightened were the birds, that the progress of the Eagle could 
be traced, long after he himself was invisible, by the string of sea-fowl of various kinds that persistently continued to seek safety 
in flight. It was long before Gull and Guillemot got over their fright and matters assumed the even tenor of their way.” 
The Gray Sea-Eagle may he described as follows : Head and neck light brown, each feather with a dark central line of the same 
color : entire upper parts dark brown, each feather having a wide edging of light brown. Wings dark brown, the tertiaries tipped with 
very light brown ; primaries very dark brown. Under parts lighter than the upper. Tail and coverts white. Bill, legs, and feet pale 
yellow ; cere golden yellow ; claws blaek. 
My figure, taken from a specimen obtained in Greenland, is a little more than one-third of the natural size. 
