lxiv 
INTRODUCTION 
of a carpel or ovary bearing the 
stigma. 
Subulate. — Awl-shaped. 
Sulcate. — Furrowed. 
Superior. —As an ovary or pistil when it 
is free from the calyx and other 
parts of the flower. 
Sylvestris , Sylvaticus. — Inhabiting 
woods. Sometimes used in the sense 
of wild as opposed to cultivated. 
Symmetrical. — When all the whorls of a 
flower — sepals, petals, stamens and 
carpels — are the same in number. 
Syn, signifies union, as syncarpous 
when the carpels are consolidated, as 
in Flax and Hypericum ; or syngene- 
sious when the anthers are united, as 
in the Compositse. 
Tendril. — A Wining organ by means of 
which a plant climbs. In, Zehneria , 
p. 200, it is a modified branch; in 
Vida and Lathyrus it is a modified 
leaflet. 
Tenuis. — Slender, thin. 
Terete. — Cylindrical. 
Testa. — The skin of a seed. 
Thalamus. — The apex of the axis on 
which the parts of the flower are 
seated. See Receptacle. 
Tomentose. — Clothed with a dense, short 
down. Almost the same as pubescent, 
but hairy in a stronger degree. 
Toothed. — -The same as dentate. Notched 
on the margin, as the leaves of many 
plants. When the teeth are rounded 
the term crenate is employed ; when 
the points of the teeth are directed 
towards the tip of the leaf the term 
serrate is employed. See Craniotome, 
p. 401, and Quercus dilatata, p. 474. 
Torus. — See Receptacle. 
Tri , in compounds means three, as tri- 
foliolale, the leaves of Rhynchosia 
himalensis, p. 144. . 
Truncate. — When the end or tip of an 
organ is more or less square as if cut 
off. 
Tube. — The united part of a calyx or 
corolla is termed the tube, whatever 
its shape, as distinguished from the 
lobes or limb. 
Tuber.— An underground, fleshy stem 
or-%tock like the Potato. Tuberous- 
rooted, as Dahlia. 
Tziberculate. — Furnished with excres- 
cences on the surface, 
Uliginosus. — Growing in swampy places. 
Umbel. — An inflorescence in which the 
flower-stalks radiate from one point, 
as in the Ivy. In Heracleum. p. 215 
and most of the Umbelliferse the um- 
bels are compound, that is, having 
branches of the second order. 
Umbrosus. — Growing in shady places. 
Unarmed. — Destitute of spines or 
prickles. 
Undulate. — Having a wavy margin. 
Unisexual. — -Flowers or plants bearing 
only male or female organs. 
Urens. — Stinging. 
Utricle.— The name given to the bladder- 
like envelope of the nut of Garex 
p. 567. 
Valvate.— Applied to sepals and petals 
when their edges meet in the flower- 
bud but do not overlap. 
Valve. — The pieces into which a seed- 
vessel divides or splits, as the pods 
of Cruciferae, Sisymbrium, p. 34, 
and Leguminosse, Astragalus, p. 126 ; 
and the trap-door-like covers of the 
anthers of the Berberidaceae and 
Lauraceae, Machilus Duthiei, p. 432. 
Veins. — See Midrib. 
Velutinus. — Velvety, as the surface of 
some leaves. 
Ventral.— The part of an organ facing 
the centre of a flower. 
Verrucosus. — W arty. 
Versatile. — Affixed by the middle, as the 
anthers of grasses. 
Verticillate. — When several leaves 
spring from the same horizontal 
plane, as in Galium, p. 235. 
Virens. — Becoming green. 
Virgatus. — Having long, slender, stiff 
stems or branches. 
Viridis. — Green. 
Viviparous. — Forming buds in the in- 
florescences which eventually fall off 
and grow into independent plants, as 
some Lilies and Rushes. 
Volubilis. — Twisting, twining, as Ipo- 
mcea, p. 337, and Cuscuta, p. 340. 
Whorl. — A ring of organs on the same 
plane, as the leaves of Galium, p. 235, 
and the carpels of Malva, p. 58. This 
term is also used to designate the two 
opposite clusters or cymes of flowers 
of most Labiatse. 
Winged. — Furnished with a membra- 
nous or leafy expansion, as the seeds 
of many Coniferse, the fruit of Acer, 
p. 99, and Begonia, p. 202. 
Wings. — The lateral petals of the Papi- 
lionaceae and the sepals of Polygala- 
ceae. 
