40 
IX. VIOLACEiE 
truncate, margins crenate ; upper part of stalk usually winged ; 
stipules entire or nearly so, adnate for more than half their length. 
Flowers usually dark lilac, often scented, stalks sometimes 6 in. 
long. Stigma 3-lobed, hollowed at the top. 
Simla (the Downs), common; April-June. — Temperate Himalaya. — China, 
Japan. 
3. Viola serpens, Wall , ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 184. Glabrous or with 
scattered, white hairs. Stems short but distinct, covered with 
withered scales, often producing runners. Leaves broadly ovate, 
1-2 in., deeply cordate, crenate or sharply toothed, acute ; stipules 
entire or toothed. Flowers lilac. Stigma 3-lobed, produced 
laterally in a hooked beak. 
Simla, Mahasu, Narkunda, in woods above 7000 ft. ; April- July. —Hilly 
districts throughout India.— China, Java. 
4. Viola canescens, Wall . ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 184, under V. 
serpens. Softly densely pubescent. Stems none or very short, 
nearly always producing long, leafy runners. Leaves tufted, ovate, 
J-2 in., deeply cordate, crenate ; stipules fringed. Flowers lilac. 
Stigma terminal, truncate, not beaked. (Fig. 12.) 
Simla, common ; April-November. — Hilly districts throughout India, 3000- 
7000 ft. 
