270 
LIT. COMPOSITE 
cent, ovate, 6-12x4-6 in., long-pointed, cordate, irregularly 
sinuate-toothed, long-pointed; stalks broadly winged. Heads 
slender, cylindric, shortly stalked, in. long, 4-6 -flowered, in 
short racemes forming large, terminal panicles. Involucral bracts 
4-7, linear, obtuse, pubescent ; ray -flowers 1-2 ; ligules very short, 
entire, inconspicuous. 
Narkunda, common ; August, September. — Simla to Sikkim, 7000-9000 ft. 
5. Senecio rufinervis, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 355. Tall, 
shrublike ; stems, b anches and inflorescence tomentose. Leaves 
shortly stalked, ovate, 5-8 x 2-4 in., long-pointed, sharply toothed ; 
lower surface white -tomentose except the red nerves. Heads 
numerous, slender, ^ in. long, 6-10-flowered, in small, rounded 
corymbs. Involucral bracts 5-8, much shorter than the flowers ; 
ray-flowers 2^5 ; ligules broad, conspicuous, minutely 3-toothed. 
Simla, Mahasu, common in forest ; August, September. — Simla to Kumaon, 
G000-8000 ft. 
39. ECHIN0PS. From the Greek echinos, a hedgehog, and 
opsis, appearance ; referring to the spinous involucral bracts. — 
Asia, Africa,. 8. Europe. 
Tall, erect, thistle-like herbs ; stems, branches and lower 
surface of leaves densely white-cottony. Leaves alternate, 
pinnatifid, spiny. Heads compound, terminal, solitary, globose, 
Jj-3 in. diam. ; component heads numerous, crowded, each con- 
taining a single pale blue or white flower. Involucral bracts in 
several series, outermost of coarse hairs or of narrow, spine -tipped 
bracts, intermediate of spathulate, spine-tipped bracts, one of the 
spines often prolonged beyond the flowers, Innermost of united 
bracts enclosing the ovary and lower part of the corolla-tube ; 
pappus a ring of short bristles ; corolla tubular, deeply lobed. 
Acbenes long, hairy, crowned with the pappus. 
E. echinatus, DC . ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 858, is common in the plains and 
may occur in the hills below 3000 ft. ; the leaves and outer involucral bracts 
resemble those of E. cornigerus, bat the heads are only 1-1|- in. diam., always 
white, and with several long, projecting spines. 
Several species of Echinops are in cultivation and are known as Globe 
Thistles. 
Outer involucral bracts numerous, soft, hair-like. Leaf- 
lobes broad . . . . . . . . . 1. E. cornigerus. 
Outer involucral bracts few, spathulate, spine-tipped. Leaf- 
lobes linear . . . . . . . . . 2. E. niveus. 
1. Echinops cornigerus, DC . ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 358. Leaves 
4-8 in., pinnately divided into broad, flat, lobed and toothed, spiny 
segments ; upper surface cobwebby. Heads 2^-3 in. diam., with 
or without projecting spines. Outer involucral bracts numerous, 
soft, coarse, hair-like, about f in. long. 
Simla, common ; August, September. — W. Himalaya 6000-9000 ft. 
