272 
LII. COMPOSITE 
in terminal clusters. Involucral bracts many, upper half spread- 
ing, tips rigid, hooked ; receptacle flat, densely bristly ; flowers 
purple ; pappus copious, short, minutely barbed ; corolla-tube 
long, 5-lobed ; style white, arms united. Achenes large, glabrous, 
angled, finely ribbed. 
Narkunda ; September.— W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft.— W. Asia, Europe 
(Britain, Burdock). 
41. CARDUUS. The classical name of a Thistle or thistle-like 
plant ; etymology doubtful. — Asia, N. Africa, Europe. 
Carduus nutans, Linn . ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 361. An erect, robust, 
rough herb ; stems 1-4 ft., winged, grooved. Leaves alternate, 
oblong, 6-12 in., sessile, continued down the stem in interrupted, 
spinous wings, pinnately lobed ; margins sinuate, spiny. Heads 
discoid, J-1J in. diam., ovoid or globose, solitary or clustered, 
drooping. Involucral bracts many, tips spinous, spreading or re- 
flexed ; receptacle flat, densely bristly ; flowers crimson ; pappus 
copious, long, rough, united at the base into a ring ; corolla-tube 
long, deeply 5-lobed. Achenes glabrous, obtusely 4-angled ; 
pappus soon falling off. 
Simla, Narkunda, in fields ; July-October. — W. Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 
— W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Musk Thistle). 
42. CIJTCUS. From hiekos, the Greek name of various kinds 
of Thistle and thistle-like plants. — N. temperate regions. 
Erect, rough herbs ; stems robust, not winged. Leaves 
alternate, prickly or spiny. Heads discoid. Involucral bracts 
many, spine-tipped, the outer ones leaf -like ; receptacle flat, 
densely bristly ; flowers dingy purple or yellow, varying to white ; 
pappus long, copious, feathery, united at the base ; corolla deeply 
5-lobed, tube long. Achenes glabrous, obtusely 4-angled, pappus 
soon falling off. 
Flowers dingy purple 1. C. arvensis. 
Flowers pale yellow or white. 
Leaf-margins uniformly beset with long, rigid spines. 
Tips of inner involucral bracts not dilated . . 2. C. argyracanthus. 
Leaf-margins spiny, but the long spines confined to 
the end of the lobes. Tips of inner involucral 
bracts dilated . 3. C. Wallichii. 
1. Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm . ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 362. Eootstock 
creeping; stems numerous, ,2-4 ft., upper parts cobwebby-tomen- 
tose. Leaves sessile, oblong, 3-6xf~l in., sinuate or pinnatifid, 
spinous ; upper surface pale, rough, lower white-tomentose. 
Heads 1-sexual, male and female on different plants, solitary or 
clustered or corymbose. Male heads globose, \-l in. diam. ; 
