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INTRODUCTION 
of the flower free or united, usually in fives or some multiple of 
this number. Ovule or ovules enclosed in an ovary. Embryo 
having two cotyledons or seed-leaves, usually distinguishable 
before germination, and appearing above ground in germination. 
Division 1. Polypetal^e : Petals free from each other or 
sometimes slightly united. 
Subdivision 1 . Th al amiflorje . Calyx free from the ovary. 
Petals in one or more series. Stamens usually nume- 
rous. Ovary or ovaries usually superior. Ranunculaceoe 
to Tiliacece. 
Subdivision 2. Disciflor^e. Calyx usually free from the 
ovary. Stamens usually definite, inserted within, upon or 
around a disk. Ovary superior or immersed in the disk. 
Linacece to Goriariacece. 
Subdivision 3. Calyciflor^e. Sepals more or less united 
and more or less enclosing or adnate to the ovary. Petals 
and stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx or around 
the top of the ovary. Leguminosce to Cornacece. 
Division 2. Gamopetal^s. Petals combined, forming a 
variously shaped corolla. Stamens usually few and 
attached to the corolla. 
Subdivision 1. Infers. Ovary inferior. Stamens of the 
same number as the lobes of the corolla or rare]y fewer. 
Caprifoliacem to Campanulacece. 
Subdivision 2. Heteromer^e. Ovary almost always superior. 
Stamens free or inserted on the corolla. Carpels of the 
pistil more than two. Ericacece to Styracacece. 
Subdivision 3. Bicarpellat^e . Ovary almost always su- 
perior. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla 
and of the same number or fewer. Carpels of the pistil 
usually two. Oleacece to Plantaginacece. 
Division 3. Monochlamyde^. Flowers usually small and 
green. Perianth not differentiated into calyx and corolla 
or none. Nyctaginacece to Salicacece. 
II. Gymnospermje : Shrubs or trees, usually resinous. Stem 
consisting of a central pith, concentric layers of wood and a sepa- 
rate bark, increasing in size by additional layers immediately 
beneath the bark. Leaves usually needle-shaped or scale-like. 
Flowers in cones, spikes or clusters, the sexes separate. Perianth 
none. Ovule or ovules not enclosed in an ovary, but attached to 
the scales of the cone. Embryo having two or several cotyledons, 
distinguishable before germination and appearing above ground in 
germination. Gnetacece and Coniferce. 
