42 
X. BIXACEiE 
sometimes compound racemes ; stamens numerous, much longer 
than the sepals. Female flowers solitary or in pairs ; ovary 
globose, 4- or 5-celled, seated in a notched, cup-like disk ; styles 
4 or 5, free, spreading, stigmas dilated 2-lobed. Berry J in. 
diam., red. Seeds 8-10. (Fig. 13.) 
Suni, Sutlej valley ; March, April. — Low hills throughout India, up to 
3000 ft. 
The fine-grained wood is used in turnery, for combs, &c. The fruit is eaten. 
2. XYLOSMA. From the Greek xylon, wood, and osme, scent, 
odour ; the wood is aromatic. — Most tropical and subtropical 
regions. 
Xylosma longifolium, Clos ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 194. A tree, 
glabrous, sometimes spinous. Leaves thick, shining, oblong- 
lanceolate, 2-6 in., long-pointed, toothed. Flowers yellow. 
Sepals ovate. Male flowers numerous, in short, densely clustered, 
often compound racemes, sometimes forming a continuous in- 
florescence nearly a foot long ; stamens much longer than the 
sepals. Female flowers crowded in short, densely clustered 
racemes or sometimes nearly sessile and scattered along the 
branches ; ovary ovoid, 1 -celled, seated on a narrow, ring-shaped 
disk ; style 1, short, erect, stigma capitate. Berry J in. diam., red 
or black. Seeds 2. 
Suni, Sutlej valley ; January-March. — Low hills throughout India, up to 
5000 ft. 
XI. POLYGALACEAE 
An Order consisting of herbs, shrubs and small trees spread over 
nearly all warm and temperate regions, but represented in the 
N.W. Himalaya only by Poly gala. 
POLYGALA. From the Greek polus , much, and gala , milk ; 
the herbs grow in pastures and were supposed to increase the 
yield of milk in cows. — Nearly all temperate and warm regions. 
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire ; 
stipules none. Flowers small, irregular, 2-sexual, in racemes. 
Sepals 5, free, unequal, in 2 series : 3 outer, small, green ; 2 inner 
(the wings), ovate or oblong, much larger, coloured, finely veined. 
Petals 3 unequal, united at the base : 2 upper small; the lowest (the 
keel) longest, concave, tip lobed and often crested with a finely 
divided fringe. Stamens 8, united in 2 sets of 4 each, adnate to 
