234 
XLIX. BUBIACEiE 
2-celled ; style 2-branched, stigmas capitate ; ovules solitary in 
each cell. Fruit succulent, globose or slightly 2-lobed, \ in. 
diam., black, 2-celled or by abortion 1 -celled ; juice red ; seeds 2, 
small. 
Simla, Mushobra ; July-October. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascend- 
ing to 8000 ft. — N.E. Asia, tropical Africa. 
Native name Manjeet. A red dye is obtained from the roots. 
13. GALIUM. From gallon , the Greek name of the Yellow 
Bed-Straw, G. verum ; probably derived from gala, milk, the 
flowers having formerly been used to curdle milk. — Nearly all 
regions, most abundant in temperate climates. 
Herbs ; stems and branches slender, weak, 4-angled, usually 
trailing or climbing. Leaves whorled, sessile, rarely stalked ; 
nerves lateral and sometimes obscure or basal and prominent. 
Flowers small or minute, usually numerous, in axillary and ter- 
minal cymes often forming large panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx- 
tube ovoid or globose ; limb obsolete. Corolla rotate ; lobes 4, 
spreading. Stamens 4, filaments short, anthers protruding. 
Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, short, stigmas capitate ; ovules solitary 
in each cell. Fruit small, dry, globose, slightly 2-lobed, smooth 
or covered with hooked bristles ; seeds 2, small. 
G. vestitum, Don, FI. Br. Ind. iii. 206, has been collected on the Rogi cliffs 
near Chini, and may occur nearer Narkunda. It is distinguished by its short, 
oblong, obtuse, laterally nerved, densely hairy leaves in whorls of 4 or 6 and the 
fruit covered with hooked bristles. 
A. Fruit covered with hooked bristles 
Leaves 3-nerved from the base .... 
Leaves laterally nerved. 
Leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl. 
Stems smooth, glabrous .... 
Stems prickly along the angles . 
Leaves 4 in a whorl. Stems hairy or bristly . 
1 . G. rotundifolium . 
2. G. triflorum. 
3. G. Aparine. 
4. G. hirtifiorum. 
B. Fruit smooth 
Leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl, laterally nerved. 
Leaves bristly or minutely prickly, ^-1 in. long 
Leaves glabrous, less than J in. long 
Leaves 4 in a whorl, 3-nerved from the base . 
5. G. asperifolium. 
6. G acutum. 
7. G. cryptanthum. 
1. Galium rotundifolium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 204. Stems 
and branches trailing, angles hairy. Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate, 
J-l in. ; upper surface hairy or pubescent, lower minutely prickly 
on the nerves and margins, otherwise nearly glabrous ; basal 
nerves 3, prominent. Flowers white, often tinged with green or 
yellow. Fruit covered with hooked bristles. (Fig. 72.) 
Simla, common ; July, August. — Throughout the Himalaya, 4000-10,000 
ft. — W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe. 
