LIT. COMPOSITE 
261 
3. Carpesium abrotanoides, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 301. 
Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stems 2-4 ft. ; branches long, 
slender, leafy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 4-8 X |-1| in., narrowed 
to both ends, entire. Heads numerous, inserted along the whole 
length of the branches, not more than \ in. diam., axillary, sessile 
or shortly stalked or crowded in short, erect, axillary racemes. 
Valleys below Simla, not common; August, September. — Temperate 
Himalaya, 4000 -6000 ft. — Asia, Europe. 
The flowers, which have a powerful odour, are used in Kashmir to dye silk. 
24. ADENOCAULON. From the Greek aden , a gland, and 
caulos, a stem or stalk. — Himalaya, Japan, N. America. 
Adenocaulon bicolor, Hook. f. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 302. An erect 
herb, 1-3 ft. ; stems and branches covered with grey, cottony hairs. 
Leaves alternate, thin, orbicular, 2-4 in. across, cordate, sinuately 
angled and toothed, upper surface glabrous, lower white-tomen- 
tose : lower leaves on long, more or less winged stalks ; upper 
smaller, sessile. Heads discoid, J in. diam., in a loose panicle ; 
branches slender, viscidly glandular towards the end. Involucral 
bracts 5, green, spreading, reflexed in fruit ; receptacle flat, naked ; 
flowers about 10, white or pale yellow, outer ones only fertile ; 
pappus none ; corolla 4- or 5-lobed. Achenes long, club-shaped, 
covered with stalked glands. 
Narkunda, in forest; August. — Simla to Sikkim, 6000-9000 ft. — W. Asia, 
JST.W. America. 
25. XANTHIUM. From Xanthion, the Greek name of 
Xanthium Strumarium, derived from xanthos, yellow ; the 
ancients extracted a dye from the plant. — Native country un- 
certain ; now widely dispersed throughout tropical and temperate 
regions. A casual weed in S. England. 
Xanthium Strumarium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 303. An erect, 
coarse herb, l|-3 ft., sometimes more. Leaves alternate, rough, 
long-stalked, cordate, lobed and toothed, triangular and about 
2x1 in., or orbicular and 4 in. across. Heads 1-sexual, male and 
female on the same plant, combined in axillary or terminal clusters. 
Male heads uppermost, globose, | in. diam. ; involucral bracts few, 
short, narrow, in one series ; receptacle cylindric ; flowers numer- 
ous, crowded, each enclosed in a translucent scale ; pappus none ; 
corolla white or green, tubular, 5-toothed ; filaments united, 
anthers free ; ovary and style rudimentary or wanting. Female 
heads ovoid, \ in. long ; outer involucral bracts few, short, inner 
many, in one series, narrow, united, covered with hooked bristles 
and terminating in two strong, hooked beaks ; flowers 2 ; pappus 
and corolla none ; style -branches long, thread-like, protruding 
