LII. COMPOSITE 
273 
female ovoid, longer. Involucral bracts many ; outer ones ovate 
or triangular, shortly spine-tipped ; inner longer, tips undulate, 
recurved ; innermost linear-lanceolate ; flowers dingy purple ; 
pappus brown. 
Valleys below Simla, in fields ; March-May. — N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. 
- — W. Asia, Europe (Britain). 
2. Cnicus argyracanthus, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 362. Stems 
robust, branched, grooved, 3-6 ft., rough or cottony. Leaves green 
and nearly glabrous on both surfaces, irregularly pinnately lobed, 
margins densely beset with long, rigid spines : radical leaves 
stalked, 10-24 X 1-1 £ in. ; stem-leaves shorter, sessile, basal lobes 
broad. Heads numerous, globose, f-l in. diam., sessile or shortly 
stalked, crowded in terminal clusters. Outer involucral bracts 
ending in long, rigid, erect or spreading spines ; innermost linear, 
long-pointed ; flowers pale yellow or white ; pappus nearly white. 
Simla, Eagoo, common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000- 
9000 ft. 
3. Cnicus Wallichii, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 363. Stems 
robust, branched, grooved, roughly hairy or glabrous, 4-10 ft. 
Leaves glabrous or the lower surface white-cottony, sessile, more 
or less lobed at the base, 4-6 xf— 1£ in., irregularly pinnately 
lobed ; margins spiny, the longer spines few and confined to the 
ends of the lobes. Heads £-l£ in. diam. Outer involucral bracts 
narrow, ending in long, rigid, spreading spines ; tips of the inner 
bracts dilated ; flowers dull yellow ; pappus brown or dirty white. 
Simla, in fields ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. 
Two of the six varieties into which this species has been divided in the Ft . 
Br. Ind. occur in or near Simla, viz. : 
Var. 2 , cernuus. Leaves white-cottony on the lower surface. Heads ^-f in. 
diam., on long, nearly leafless stalks. 
Var. 3, glahratus. Leaves nearly glabrous on the lower surface. Heads 
1-1 \ in. diam., sessile or shortly stalked, clustered. 
43. SAUSSUREA. In honour of H. B. and T. de Saussure, 
father and son, the former a botanist, celebrated for his investiga- 
tions of the Flora of the Alps ; the latter equally celebrated as a 
chemist and physicist. — Mountains in N. temperate regions. 
Erect herbs. Leaves radical and alternate, not prickly, usually 
more or less pinnately lobed ; upper surface glabrous, rough, lower 
white-tomentose. Heads discoid. Involucral bracts many, erect, 
not spiny but the tips usually rigid and sharp, inner ones 
narrower and longer than the outer ; receptacle densely bristly ; 
flowers dark purple or pale red ; pappus in one series, feathery, 
flattened and united at the base ; corolla slender, deeply 5-lobed. 
Achenes oblong, 4-ribbed, wrinkled, pappus soon falling off 
leaving a shallow cup surrounding the base of the style. 
