LXI. APOCYNACEiE 
311 
Anthers adherent to the stigma ; cell- bases produced in 
short, curved, pointed tails. 
Calyx-lobes as long as the corolla- tube . . 3. Vallaris. 
Calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla-tube. 
Flowers red or pink. Leaves in threes . . 4. Nerium. 
Flowers white. Leaves opposite . . .5. Trachelospermum. 
1. CARISSA. Probably a modification of the native name. — 
Asia, Africa, Australia. 
Carissa Carandas, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 630. An erect, spin- 
ous shrub ; branches forking, rigid ; inflorescence pubescent, other- 
wise glabrous. Leaves leathery, nearly sessile, ovate, 1-1^ x|-f 
in., usually obtuse. Flowers white, in small, terminal cymes. 
Calyx-segments acute. Corolla-tube §-§ in., lower portion cylin- 
dric, upper dilated ; lobes acute. Stamens included, inserted near 
the top of the tube ; anthers free from the stigma, cell-bases 
obtuse. Ovary-cells united ; style short, stigma spindle-shaped ; 
ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit an ovoid berry | in. long, green at 
first, then red, nearly black when ripe ; seeds 2-4, naked. 
Valleys below Simla on open hill-sides ; September-April. — Throughout 
India, ascending to 5000 ft. 
‘ The fruit is used for making preserves. When ripe it may be used for 
tarts and puddings, for which purpose no fruit of the country is preferable ; it 
has when cooked much of the flavour of the green gooseberry.’- — Firminger’s 
Manual of Gardening, p. 256. — The ripe fruit is sold in bazars, and the shrub 
is occasionally cultivated. — Native name Kuronda. 
2. HOLARRHENA. From the Greek holos, whole, and arren, 
male ; the anthers are free from the stigma. — Tropical Asia and 
Africa. 
Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 644. A 
glabrous or pubescent tree. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-oblong, 
about 6x3 in., acute. Flowers white, in terminal, corymbose 
cymes. Calyx-segments acute. Corolla pubescent ; tube \ in., 
cylindric ; lobes oblong, obtuse. Stamens inserted near the base 
of the tube, included ; anthers free from the stigma, cell-bases 
obtuse. Ovary-cells nearly distinct ; style short, stigma spindle- 
shaped ; ovules numerous in each cell. Follicles glabrous, slender, 
terete, 8-15 in. long, distinct from the base, usually curved and 
touching at the tips ; seeds numerous, crowned with a tuft of 
long, silky hairs. 
Valleys below Simla, Subathoo ; April- June.— Throughout India, ascending 
to 3500 ft. 
3. VALLARIS. Etymology doubtful. — India. 
Vallaris Heynei, Spreng. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 650. A climbing 
shrub ; inflorescence pubescent, otherwise nearly glabrous. Leaves 
