484 
XCVII. CONIFERS 
2. Juniperus recurva, Buck. -Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. v. 647. A 
decumbent or prostrate shrub. Leaves J in., sometimes in pairs, 
curved, spreading or erect, both surfaces green, the upper concave, 
the lower convex. Cones terminal, the female on short branchlets. 
Fruit ovoid, J-J in., ripening July-October of the year after 
flowering ; seed usually one. 
The Chor (var. squamosa), and perhaps Huttoo ; June, July. — Temperate 
and alpine Himalaya, 7500-15,000 ft. — Afghanistan. 
3. TAXUS. The classical name of the Yew. — 1ST. temperate 
regions ; only one species which varies widely in habit and foliage 
in different countries. 
Taxus baccata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. v. 648. A tree ; trunk 
short ; branches horizontal ; foliage dark green. Leaves flattened, 
flexible, linear, 1-1 J in., spreading, in two opposite ranks, acute, 
narrowed into a short stalk, upper surface shining, lower pale or 
rusty red. Cones axillary, sessile, the male and female usually 
on separate trees. Male cones | in. : bracts empty, the axis 
ending in a rounded cluster of stamens ; anthers 3-6-celled. 
Female cones minute, bud-like : lower bracts empty, the two 
uppermost enclosing a single ovule surrounded at the base by a 
membranous disk. As the young fruit matures the disk enlarges, 
becomes succulent and finally fopms a bright red, fleshy cup about 
| in. long, in which the olive-green seed is partially embedded ; 
the fruit ripens September and November of the year after flowering. 
Mahasu, Narkunda, &c. ; March-May. — Temperate Himalaya. — Khasia, 
Upper Burmah. — Temperate Europe, Asia, N. Africa and N. America. 
The Yew of Britain. In the Himalaya it sometimes attains 100 ft. in 
height, with a girth of 15 ft. 
Some botanists regard the N. American Yew as a distinct species. 
4. PINUS. The classical name of the genus.— Chiefly north- 
ern regions ; rare in the north tropics. 
Large trees ; bark divided by furrows into irregularly shaped 
plates. Leaves needle -like, in clusters of 3 or 5. Male and female 
cones on the same tree. Male cones densely clustered round the 
branches just below the current year’s shoot : anther-cells 2. 
Female cones usually at the end of the young shoots, solitary 
or clustered, erect. Scales of the mature cones more or less 
thickened towards the tip. 
Pinus Gerardiana furnishes the oily, edible seeds, Chilghoza, sold in bazaars* 
It is common in Afghanistan, and occurs near Chini ; the leaves are in threes, 
3-5 in. long. 
Leaves in clusters of 5. Cones cylindric . . . 1. P. excelsa. 
Leaves in clusters of 3. Cones ovoid- conical . . .2. P.'longifolia. 
1. Pinus excelsa, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. v. 651. Foliage blue- 
or grey-green. Leaves 5-8 in., in clusters of 5, drooping, except 
