114 BR()OKI,YX IXSTITITK ^rUSKl'M. SCIEXCK lU'I.I.ETIN 2. ,S. 
the sliij) ill couples cir small i^rciups, all swimniino- in a iicirtlierl\- 
directidii. Tlie>- rciuaiiiL-d beluw the water most of the time, but their 
brayiug calls t"re(iuentl> attracted attention to sleek heads and ui)right 
tails, the onl\ visible jiarts of birds at the surface. From time to 
time a few more were seen before we entered Cumberland Bay, Sonth 
Georgia, on November 24. 
During our stay at vSouth Georgia I visited seven populous 
rookeries of the johnny penguins, besides a number of incipient or de- 
cadent settlements which consisted of onl\- a few nests. The situations 
chosen for the rookeries were so diverse that several of them are worth 
contrasting. 
Two rookeries near the Xordenskjold Glacier, Cumberlauil Bay, lay 
in wet, hunnnockx' meadows, barely higher than sea le\el and crossed l)y 
several streams. 
A rookerx- on the west shore of Possession ];a\ occujiied a dell of 
less than an acre in area, hennned in b\- the talus of liold hills which rose 
to an altitude of 45(1 meters on three sides. This rooker>- was filled with 
a luxuriant growth of tu.ssock gra.ss ( /'oa fhil^f/hila ) , and the ground was 
well drained. 
The largest rooker\- that we disco\-ered, comprising between four and 
five thou.sand birds, was distributed over knolls and ridges behind a 
great moraine-beach at the Bay of Isles. The site is bounded by two 
glaciers .so that it can be reached only from the bay. In 1912-13 the 
penguin settlements, beginning on low ground a kilometer from the 
waterfront, extended inlau<l and up the hills to a height of about two 
hundred meters. As long as young penguins were on this nesting 
ground, processions of adults might at all times be .seen coming and 
going between the high land and the .sea. The birds met and pas.sed each 
other without a xisible sign of recognition, each trundling gravely along 
on its own business. .\ broad thoroughfare had been stamjied acro.ss the 
moraine, worn down iloulitless through generations of the pattering of 
little leathery feet, and deejily grooved, sinuous avenues extended up 
the long snowbanks to the highest portions of the colony two kilometers 
from the shore. 
The typie of rooker.\- last described is conunon at South Georgia 
wherever high land is at all accessible. No matter how much available 
territor\^ there ma\- be near the water, no matter how weari.some the 
.scramble ui) the hillsides, a certain proportion of the members of each 
