MURPHY: PENGUIN'S OF SOUTH GEOROIA. Iig 
penguins. The sitters hiss sharjil)- \vhene\-er a skua draws near, and 
the uuoccujiied ]>en;j;uins make ani;r\- Init vain rushes at the coninion 
eneniw 
Besides the hiss of wrath the johini) i)en,ij;uins have a variet\- of 
louder calls. The ordinary trumpeting note sounds like the noi.se of a 
tin horn or the braying of an a.ss ; the .sound is double, being produced 
b}' both ex]iiration and inspiration, and is accomjianied by a ri.sing and 
falling of the lower throat between the 1)ranches of the furculum.* The 
voice is pitched in a much Idwer kc>- than that of the king penguin. 
Usually the head is jwinted u]nvard while the penguin trumpets. The 
mouth is held wide open, with the spin)- tongue showing, and in ciml 
weather the exjielled breath conden.ses into clouds of vapor. The trum- 
petings are often re]ieated man>- times without interruption : under ex- 
citement the birds' whole bodily energ\- .seems to Ite put into the call. 
Another note is a short, .single "caw," which the penguins are a]it to 
utter as soon as they emerge from the .sea. This call sounds like a hail 
from one man to another, and the human suggestion is enhanced by the 
penguins' habit of waving their flippers as if beckoning. The weak 
trunipetings of nestling johnnies have a peevish, scolding qualit>', e\-en 
hysterical at times. The youngsters have also a soft. i)ee])ing note, in- 
dicative of well-fed contentment. 
By the time of our arrival at vSouth Georgia the nesting season had 
begun, t and two Cumberland Ba>- rookeries which I visited on December 
3, had already been robbed of their eggs b\' the crew- of a Norwegian 
whaling .steamer. The birds had, nevertheless, begun to lay a .second 
time,} and most of the nests contained at least one fresh egg. Among 
the eggs were several ' ' runts. ' ' possibl>- the result of the abnormal 
o\-ulation. The smalle.st of these imperfect eggs, which contained no 
_\-()lk.s, measured onh- 24 x 20.3 millimeters. 
On December 23 the large rooker_\- at the Ba>- of Isles, which had 
not been disturbed by human beings, contained i)lent\- of >-oung iienginns. 
* The sound can be faintly reproduced with the .syrinx of a dead penguin. 
t Von den Steineu records that courtship tieg:ins toward the end of September, 
first eggs at Royal Bay on Oct. 26. 1SS2. .\t Kerguelen Island eggs are common early ii 
Writing of the species at the Falkland Islands, Abbott, /. c. says that some of ' 
places are " several miles inland,' and that the birds " commence laying almost alwaj 
day, VIZ. 7th Octobor." 
t Kidtler cijllected at Kerguelen Island eggs of this sj.cns whn.li, 1r IilIk \,il 
been at le. 1st the ninth or tenth laying since the season c pimti< 11. . .1 si x . , .n~> , ntu 1 
lieell observed al South Georgia after the loss of eggs. \''>}^ Mi n ^l. 1 m n ji .1 nl- . > il Ih 
secunil and later broods are smaller and ] 
becomes reduced to one egg. 
