Ml'RPHY ; PENCU'INS OF SOUTH 
GEORGIA. 131 
and there are very nianv of tlieiii at the southwest poi 
It of the island. I asked him 
also to brine; two for me. When he returneil from tht 
tri]) I went on board, but he 
had found only four, and these went to CaiJtain Larsen 
Recently, however, Mr. Correia has .sent me the .skin of an adult 
female collected at Cape North, near the western end of South Georgia, 
on February 2, 1915. It.s measurements are as follows : 
Bill from 
gape 
Exp. j Longest Wing from . 
culmen crest plumes 1 axilla ~^'^ 
Foot 
63 
56 72 176 96 
112 
■■ I rides red. ' ' 
Of the two other small species mentioned by Weddell, the "jack- 
ass" penguin is obviously Pygosaiis papiia. The "stone-cracker" is 
assumed to have been Eudyptcs cluysocome, and is so listed in the British 
Museum Catalogue, p. 636. Von den Steinen (loc. cit) , however, believes 
that Pygos(clis antardica is Weddell's stone-cracker, and if this be correct 
there is no valid record for Eudyptcs chiysocomc at South Georgia.* 
Sphenisciis viaoiilaniais is given in the Catalogue, p. 651, as the jack- 
ass ])enguiu of Weddell, an interpretation which is certainly erroneous. 
South Georgia, an essentially Antarctic land, is far without the range of 
the continental, south temperate, even tropical, genus Sphenisais. 
APPEXDIX. 
Confusion and uncertainty have clouded few zoological subjects more 
thoroughly than the life-history of penguins. Most of the early accounts 
of these birds were either utterly unreliable, because of the observers' 
lack of ability' to inhibit their imaginations, or el.se so strangely trtie as to 
seem incredible to later, more critical generations. 
Since members of the recent Antarctic expeditions have to a great 
extent worked out and popularized the marvelous social customs, the 
growth and development, and the life in the sea and on shore, of 
])enguins, the time has passed for tolerating in compilers of ornithological 
text-books an infinite repetition of other people's errors. As examples of 
the many untruths and half-truths which occur in recent reference works 
of pretentious standards, I should like to refer to several of the more 
