CH^RRIE: ORXITPIOLOGY of the ORINOCO REGION. 247 
PIPRIDAE— THE MANIKINS. 
The writer has observed and collected seven species in the immedi- 
ate valley of the Orinoco. Six of the seven species are included in 
Berlepsch and Hartert's paper, together with two additional species 
received by the Tring Museum from points on the Caura River. 
Eleven species of manikins are included in the present list. 
With one exception the species observed by me were seen only 
at points on the Upper Orinoco, — that is, not below the falls of Atures. 
The exception was an example of Pipra aureola collected in the delta 
region at Las Barrancas. 
Key to the Species and SuiiSPEciES of Genera of Pjpridae. 
fl. Size large; wing more than 95 mm Laniorera ' hypopyrrha. 
a\ Size smaller; wing less than 95 mm. 
b. Tail short, the outstretched feet reacliing to or beyond its end. 
c. Breast without dark striations. 
d. Breast white, uniform with tliroat on which the feathers are 
elongated Manattis tnanacus inlerior. 
d'. Breast not white. 
e. Back blue ■ Chiroxiphia pareola. 
tf. Back not blue. 
/. General color above and below olivaceous (for both sexes). 
g. Outermost rectrix much narrowed and shortened; and 
with a large bright yellow vertical crown patch Tyranneules- virescetis. ^ 
g'. Outermost rectrbc not abnormal and crown patch absent 
or represented by a few concealed pale yellow spots 
on anterior part of crown Tyranneutes slulzmatnti. 
f. General color not olivaceous, 
g. Throat, breast and belly black. 
h. Crown white Pipra pipra pipra. 
h'. Crown bright orange yellow Pipra erythrocephala erylhro- 
cepkala. 
g'. Breast crimson, shading into orange chrome on upper 
throat. Pipra aureola aureola. 
c'. Breast striated Machaeropterus pyrocephalus. 
b'. Tail longer; outstretched feet not reaching to end of tail. 
c. Shafts of outer tail-feathers elongated, thread-like at tip Cirrhipipra filicauda. 
c'. Shafts of outer tail-feathers not lengthened. 
d. Upper throat white in sharp contrast with chestnut of lower 
throat and breast Heterocercus flavivertex. 
d'. Upper throat not white, not in sharp contrast with color of lower 
throat and breast. 
e. With a yellow crown patch Neopelma igniceps. * 
e'. No crown patch, general color above brownish olive. 
/. Head not tinged with rufous Scotoihorus turdinus olivacens. 
/'. Head strongly tinged with rufous Scotothorus turdinus amazon- 
Cirrhipipra filicauda (Spix). 
Pipra filicauda Spix. Av. Bras. II, 1829. p. 5. PI. 8, figs, i, 2. 
Cirrhopipra filicaitda Berlepsch & Hartert, p. 52. 
Not observed in going up the river until in the region of the second 
falls, where, about Maipures. it wa-s abundant. 
'I follow Mr. Ridgway in placing Laniocera with the Pipridae. notwithstanding its general resem- 
blance to Lathria and Lipaugus, for the tarsus is certainly exaspidean. 
^-Tyranneutes Sclater and Salvin. Ibis 1881. p. 269. 
sReported from British Guiana — Bartica Grove, Camacusa River and Carimang. 
<Ex. Brit. Guiana. 
