CHgRRIE: ORXITHOLOGY OF THE ORINOCO REGION. 317 
The name Piapoco is applied to the toucans of the region collec- 
tively. 
Key to the Genera, Species and Subspecies of Rhamphastidae. 
a. Nostrils opening behind thecasque {Ramphastos) . 
b. Upper tail-coverts lemon yellow, general color of bill reddish Ramphastos monilis. 
b'. Upper tail-coverts red (scarlet) or orange or in combination; general 
color of bill blackish. 
c. Upper tail-coverts uniform scarlet Ramphaslos vitdliniis. 
c'. Upper taii-coverts not uniform scarlet. 
(f. Throat white, blending into yellow, varj'ing inshadefrom lemon 
to orange, followed by a scarlet tsand. the scarlet extending 
centrally back onto the breast Ramphastos osculans. 
d'. Throat and neck white or white with lemon yellow tinge on neck. 
e. Smaller, bill less than 17 cm. Throat only slightly if at all 
tinged with lemon yellow Ramphaslos culminatus. 
e'. Larger, bill more than 17 cm. Throat strongly tinged with 
lemon yellow Ramphastos cuvieri inca. 
a'. Nostrils rounded, opening upward at the edge of the casque. The 
culminal ridge extending back beyond the nostrils (,Pteroglossics.) 
b. No band across the breast (sexes different) Pteroglossus viridis. 
b'. Breast banded (sexes alike). 
c. Throat chestnut ■ Pteroglossus flaviventris. 
c'. Throat black. 
d. With two black bands beneath Pteroglossus pluricinctits. 
d\ A single scarlet band across lower breast; maxilla with a broad 
black culminal stripe (at base occupying entire space between 
nostrils) ; thighs reddish green Pteroglossus aracari roraimae 
Ramphastos cuvieri inca Gould. 
Ramphastos inca Gould. P. Z. S. 1846. p. 68. 
Ramphastos cuincyi inca Berlepsch & Hartert. p. 99. 
One specimen .-secured at Munduapo on the first expedition and 
recorded by Berlepsch and Hartert. 
Ramphastos monilis Muller. 
Ramphastos monilis P. L. S. Muller. Natursyst. Suppl. (1776): p. 83 
(Cayenne). 
Ramphastos hacmaiorhynchus Berlepsch & Hartert, Novit. Zool. IX. 
1902. p. 99. (Type, ex La Pricion, Caura River, Venez.). 
Recorded by Berlepsch & Hartert from points on the Caura River 
only. Not seen on the Orinoco. 
Ramphastos osculans Gould. 
Ramphastos osculans Gould, P. Z. S. 1835. p. 156; Berlepsch & Hartert, 
p. 100. 
Only one specimen collected, taken at Munduapo February 10, 
1899, not seen on subsequent expeditions. 
Eye seal brown, bare skin about eye turquoise blue ; bill, with a 
narrow band at the extreme base deep black ; cuhnen and tips of maxilla 
and mandible and the upper third of a sub-basal band sulphur yellow, 
lower two-thirds of sub-basal band azure blue, body of both maxilla and 
mandible black ; feet glaucous blue. 
