Studies in the Fruit Flies of the Philippine Islands^ Indonesia, and Malaya 
Part L Dadni (Tephritidae-Diptera)^ 
D. Elmo Hardy and Marian S. AdachE 
This paper deals with the fruit flies of the 
tribe Dadni occurring in the Philippine Is- 
lands, Indonesia, and Malaya. It is based 
largely upon the material which was collected 
in these areas as part of the biological control 
of the Oriental fruit fly {Dacus dorsalis Hendel) 
project in Hawaii. This has been a co-opera- 
tive project conducted by various agencies in 
the Territory of Hawaii, the University of 
California, and the United States Department 
of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and 
Plant Quarantine. The taxonomic studies have 
dealt with the fruit fly species which have 
been encountered by the field men while 
searching for parasites which might be effec- 
tive against the species which occur in Hawaii. 
The material from three major areas of the 
Pacific and southeast Asia has been treated 
in this one paper, as the fruit fly faunas of 
these regions show such dose affinities. By 
this combination a much more complete pic- 
ture can be given of the evident migratory 
routes, speciation, and patterns of variation. 
In this respect the study has been especially 
valuable in gaining a better understanding of 
the Dacus {Strumeta) dorsalis complex of spe- 
cies. To make this paper more complete and 
usable, keys and descriptive information are 
given to the known genera and subgenera 
and to all the (recognizable) species known 
to occur in the Philippines, Indonesia, and 
Malaya. 
The collections, consisting of many thou- 
sands of specimens, were made almost en- 
^ Published with the appro¥al of the Director of the 
Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station as Technical 
Paper No. 297. Manuscript received May 6, 1953. 
^ Entomologist and Research Assistant, respectively, 
Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, University of 
Hawaii, College of Agriculture, Honolulu, Hawaii. 
tirely by N. L. H. Krauss and Q. C. Chock, 
the Territory of Hawaii Board of Agriculture 
and Forestry, and F. E. Skinner and G. An- 
galet, U. S. Department of Agriculture. We 
are greatly indebted to these men for the 
thorough sampling they made of the Dacini 
occurring in the areas where the exploratory 
work was being conducted. The phenomenal 
success which has been achieved in the bio- 
logical control of the Oriental fruit fly in 
Hawaii is a direct result of the work done in 
Malaya by N. L. H. Krauss. During the pe- 
riod from April, 1948, to May, 1949, he sent 
in several hundreds of thousands of puparia 
(predominantly Dacus dorsalis) to the Board 
of Agriculture and Forestry, and from this 
material the three species of Opius parasites 
(0. oophilus Fullaway, 0. vandenboschi Fulla- 
way, and 0. longicaudatus (Ashmead) —para- 
sites of eggs, young larvae, and mature larvae, 
respectively; this is also the order of their 
importance as parasites of Dacus dorsalis) were 
recovered which have effected such a marked 
reduction in the populations of D. dorsalis 
throughout the Hawaiian Islands. 
The generic and subgeneric concepts and 
the terminology are the same as those used 
by Hardy (1951). We do not approve of the 
splitting of Dacus s.l. into genera based only 
upon single chaetotaxic and secondary sexual 
characters; we consider these units as sub- 
genera. 
Some of the Walker types of Dacus in the 
British Museum (Natural History) collection 
were studied by Dr. K. L. Knight (Malaria 
and Mosquito Control Unit No. 1, U. S. 
Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida) in 
September, 1946, and his notes (in the U. S. 
National Museum) were made available to us 
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