300 
PACIFIC SCIENCE, VoL VIII, July, 1954 
12b, c) whose test is sparsely spined, asym- 
metric; end projections short, although Met- 
calf (1918) found some with long projections; 
test relatively thick. This form has broad 
muscle bands. Muscles: Six body muscles; M 
I-II and III-IV fusing dorsally as do M V-VI, 
thus forming two groups; M IV and V usually 
approach, touching or joining laterally, but 
as Stiasny (1926) pointed out, this is not so 
in many specimens; ends of muscles extend- 
ing rather far ventrally. Ventral lip sphincter 
4 (M bs) interrupted. Ciliated groove (Fig. lid, 
e): Simple, straight or slightly curved. Viscera: 
Gut compact, in condition C (Ihle and Ihle- 
Landenberg, 1933); gill segments closely ap- 
proximated; embryo attached to right side 
dorsally behind or beneath M V. 
Salpa maxima Forskal, 1775 
Figs. 13^-4 14^-^, 15^, 16^^ 
Salpa maxima Forskal, 1775: 112; Ihle, 1935: 
527-529; Tokioka, 1937: 223; Thompson, 
1948: 154. 
Salpa africana Forskal, 1775: 116. 
Biphora maxima Brugiuere, 1789: 179- 
Biphora africana Brugiuere, 1789: 182. 
Salpa birostratus Blainville, 1827: 119. 
Salpa chamissonis Lesson, 1830: 274. 
Salpa for skalii [.^] Lesson, 1830: 276. 
Salpa birostrata Meyen, 1832: 412. 
Salpa antarctica Meyen, 1832: 416. 
Salpa naepoUtana [.?] Chiaje, 1841: 40. 
Salpa africana-maxima Traustedt, 1885: 374. 
Salpa {Salpa) maxima Streiff, 1908: 21; Met- 
calf, 1918: 83; Sewell, 1926: 83; Stiasny, 
1926: 419. 
SOLITARY FORM: Ten specimens examined 
with length range of 6 (embryo)-108 mm. 
(Fig. 13). Best: In typical specimen (Fig. 13^) 
thick in all areas, especially around gut; dorsal 
depression rather deep; two large dorsal limit- 
ing elevations; ventrolateral depression deep, 
gradually forming ventral elevation; spinose 
posteriorly; internally, test with large gut 
cavity whose posterior margin may bear eleva- 
tions (called "baumformigen Fortsatzen” of 
the cloacal tube, and therefore presumably of 
epithelium, by Streiff, 1908, and Ihle, 1912, 
and figured as such by them as well as later 
investigators); these internal test elevations 
may be absent or present, usually bearing 
several blunt spines which themselves may 
bear minute spines; a cavity projects ventro- 
anteriorly from the gut cavity, housing the 
elaeoblast and reduced in older individuals 
that have resorbed the elaeoblast; anterior to 
gut cavity, a placental cavity present in smaller 
specimens; posterior to gut cavity a deep 
invagination for posteroventral attachment 
organ usually present; in one specimen (Fig. 
13^), whole ventral region forming a cavity 
continuous with an opening in chin which 
appears to be natural, as its margin is not 
jagged, but not present in smaller specimens; 
chin prominent. In addition to the typical 
form, there is an echinate form that resembles 
the echinate form of Salpa fusiformis (Fig. 
13^). It can be distinguished from the typical 
form only on the basis of the test. It should, 
perhaps, be described as typical, as this is the 
only form of the smaller specimens of S. 
maxima found here. Test has distinct thick 
and thin regions; thin dorsally and laterally 
except in posterior quarter of body; spines 
usually limited to posterior quarter of body 
(but not necessarily; see Fig. 13/); a deep 
longitudinal depression limited by dorsal lim- 
iting elevations (these may be ridges) ; trans- 
verse depression at base of upper lip; dorsal 
limiting elevations becoming thickened pos- 
teriorly, bearing a row of spines; just below 
this, a narrow longitudinal extension of thin 
test joins cloacal test; ventral to this a thick- 
ened region continuous posteriorly and ven- 
trally from one side to opposite side; two 
weak ridges of spines on lateral surface of this 
thickened region; a group of spines on ven- 
trolateral and ventral gut region; entire pos- 
teroventral region forming a gut swelling; 
ventral surface thickened along its entire 
length forming a large nonridged (but may 
be echinate) ventral elevation; chin rather 
prominent. The test as well as other structures 
